Analysis of Plant–Plant Interactions Reveals the Presence of Potent Antileukemic Compounds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Plant Materials
3.2. Extraction and Preparation of Extracts
3.3. Bioassay for Germination and Growth Studies
3.4. Contact Bioautography Assay
3.5. Isolation and Characterization of Compounds 1–5
3.6. Antileukemic Assays
3.7. Evaluation of Compounds in Normal Cells
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Anticancer Drug | Anticancer Activity | Plant Inhibition Activity |
---|---|---|
Paclitaxel | Paclitaxel stabilized microtubes in cancer cells and arrested the replication of cancer cells [16]. | Paclitaxel arrested onion and maize root cells from dividing by stabilizing microtubules [72,73]. |
Vinblastine | Vinblastine destabilized microtubules in cancer cells and arrested replication [74]. | Vinblastine bound to microtubules and created abnormal multipolar division in Allium cepa L. [73]. |
Podophyllotoxin, a precursor of etoposide and teniposide | Podophyllotoxin inhibited microtubule organization in cancer cells [75]. Etoposide killed cancer cells by inhibiting topoisomerase II (TopoII) [76]. | Podophyllotoxin inhibited onion (Allium cepa L.) root growth by affecting the formation of mitotic microtubular organizing centers [77]. Etoposide inhibited the division of polyploid cells of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) seedlings. The presumed binding regions of etoposide to TopoII were conserved in plants, Drosophila melanogaster, yeast, and humans [78]. |
Camptothecin, a precursor to irinotecan and topotecan | Camptothecin killed cancer cells by inhibiting topoisomerase 1 [16]. | Camptothecin selectively caused the inhibition of young developing vascular tissues of the axillary buds of Nicotiana tabacum L. Camptothecin inhibited the sprouting of potatoes by interfering with cell division in the meristem [79]. Early reports showed this using a partially purified enzyme from barley seeds, and strong inhibition of the relaxation of supercoiled pBR322 DNA by the barley DNA enzyme was observed with camptothecin [79]. Later work showed that plants contained a conserved Topo1, and camptothecin-producing plants, including Camptotheca acuminata, Ophiorrhiza pumila, and Ophiorrhiza liukiuensis, had point mutations in Topo1 that conferred resistance to autotoxicity [80]. |
Homoharringtonine | Homoharringtonine was used for tyrosine kinase inhibitor-resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). It worked by binding to the A-site of the 80S ribosome and inhibiting translation [81]. | Harringtonine alkaloids, which are related to homoharringtonine, had plant growth regulating activity [79]. The 80S ribosome was conserved across species [82]. |
Maytansine, a precursor to trastuzumab-emtansine. | Maytansine bound to β-tubulin and blocked the formation of longitudinal tubulin interactions in microtubules [83]. | Maytansine inhibited growth in tobacco callus (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and rice seedling bioassays [79]. |
Ellipticine, a precursor to elliptinium | Elliptinium is approved in France for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Elliptinium and ellipticine inhibited topoisomerase II [84]. | Ellipticine potently inhibited mungbean hypocotyls (Chen, Witham). Ellipticine has been postulated to bind to the same regions of TopoII as etoposide [85]. These regions were conserved in plants, Drosophila melanogaster, yeast, and humans [78]. |
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Mery, D.E.; Compadre, A.J.; Ordóñez, P.E.; Selvik, E.J.; Morocho, V.; Contreras, J.; Malagón, O.; Jones, D.E.; Breen, P.J.; Balick, M.J.; et al. Analysis of Plant–Plant Interactions Reveals the Presence of Potent Antileukemic Compounds. Molecules 2022, 27, 2928. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092928
Mery DE, Compadre AJ, Ordóñez PE, Selvik EJ, Morocho V, Contreras J, Malagón O, Jones DE, Breen PJ, Balick MJ, et al. Analysis of Plant–Plant Interactions Reveals the Presence of Potent Antileukemic Compounds. Molecules. 2022; 27(9):2928. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092928
Chicago/Turabian StyleMery, David E., Amanda J. Compadre, Paola E. Ordóñez, Edward J. Selvik, Vladimir Morocho, Jorge Contreras, Omar Malagón, Darin E. Jones, Philip J. Breen, Michael J. Balick, and et al. 2022. "Analysis of Plant–Plant Interactions Reveals the Presence of Potent Antileukemic Compounds" Molecules 27, no. 9: 2928. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092928