Exposure Assessment of Essential and Potentially Toxic Metals in Wheat-Based Sweets for Human Consumption: Multivariate Analysis and Risk Evaluation Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussions
2.1. Quality Control
2.2. Application to Real Samples
2.2.1. Magnesium
2.2.2. Calcium
2.2.3. Manganese
2.2.4. Iron
2.2.5. Copper
2.2.6. Zinc
2.2.7. Cobalt
2.2.8. Aluminum
2.2.9. Chromium
2.2.10. Nickel
2.2.11. Cadmium
2.2.12. Lead
2.3. Multivariate Analysis
2.4. Calculation of Impact on Human Health
2.4.1. Estimated Daily Intake
2.4.2. Target Hazard Quotient
2.4.3. Carcinogenic Risk and Cumulative Cancer Risk
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Reagents and Solutions
3.2. Sample Collection and Preparation
3.3. Instrumentation
3.4. Quality Control
3.5. Statistical Analysis
3.6. Calculation of Impact on Human Health
3.6.1. Estimated Daily Intake (EDI)
3.6.2. Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Hazard Index (HI)
3.6.3. Carcinogenic Risk (CR) and Cumulative Cancer Risk (CCR)
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Metal | Certified Value (mg/kg) | ) | % Recovery |
---|---|---|---|
Mg | 2610 ± 120 | 2600 ± 100 | 99.6 |
Ca | 840 ± 74 | 850 ± 70 | 101.2 |
Mn | 20.8 ± 1.3 | 21.1 ± 1.5 | 101.4 |
Cu | 23.9 ± 1.0 | 23.7 ± 0.3 | 99.2 |
Zn | 37.6 ± 1.9 | 37.9 ± 0.8 | 100.8 |
Fe | 132 ± 11 | 135 ± 20 | 102.3 |
Cd | 0.0734 ± 0.0077 | 0.072 ± 0.004 | 98.1 |
Pb | 0.0357 ± 0.0046 | 0.036 ± 0.005 | 100.8 |
Sample | SG | SB | SRW | SRP | SS | SP | SL | SDB | ST | SPe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Minimum | 9.9 ± 0.1 | 43.2 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 6.3 ± 0.1 | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 16.4 ± 0.3 | 12.6 ± 0.6 | 13.7 ± 0.1 | 15.4 ± 0.2 | 27.8 ± 0.4 |
Maximum | 46.3 ± 0.7 | 85.3 ± 0.4 | 22.8 ± 0.4 | 29.4 ± 0.9 | 20.6 ± 0.8 | 29.6 ± 0.5 | 38.6 ± 0.4 | 27.7 ± 0.4 | 27.8 ± 0.6 | 73.8 ± 0.9 |
Mean (Mg, n = 10) | 26.8 ± 0.6 | 65.7 ± 0.1 | 13.6 ± 0.8 | 14.8 ± 0.4 | 12.7 ± 0.2 | 22.2 ± 0.6 | 23.6 ± 0.6 | 22.0 ± 0.7 | 21.5 ± 0.7 | 42.8 ± 0.3 |
Minimum | 10.6 ± 0.1 | 28.5 ± 0.8 | 82.2 ± 0.4 | 10.6 ± 0.4 | 37.9 ± 0.8 | 42.9 ± 0.7 | 11.1 ± 0.2 | 21.8 ± 0.4 | 16.8 ± 0.8 | 16.0 ± 0.5 |
Maximum | 353.0 ± 1.0 | 630.0 ± 1.0 | 160.0 ± 2.0 | 79.9 ± 0.9 | 68.6 ± 0.6 | 66.8 ± 0.7 | 39.8 ± 0.6 | 44.1 ± 0.3 | 43.7 ± 0.4 | 337.0 ± 1.0 |
Mean (Ca, n = 10) | 93.0 ± 1.0 | 209.1 ± 0.9 | 94.2 ± 0.7 | 41.9 ± 0.4 | 56.2 ± 0.4 | 54.0 ± 0.5 | 24.0 ± 0.8 | 30.2 ± 0.4 | 34.4 ± 0.6 | 60.4 ± 0.5 |
Minimum | 3.7 ± 0.1 | 5.7 ± 0.1 | 0.55 ± 0.03 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 5.3 ± 0.2 | 3.7 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 0.41 ± 0.02 | 0.46 ± 0.02 | 1.5 ± 0.2 |
Maximum | 9.4 ± 0.1 | 8.6 ± 0.3 | 4.1 ± 0.1 | 4.4 ± 0.2 | 10.8 ± 0.6 | 14.5 ± 0.4 | 8.1 ± 0.2 | 5.6 ± 0.2 | 7.3 ± 0.2 | 5.8 ± 0.2 |
Mean (Mn, n = 10) | 7.1 ± 0.1 | 6.8 ± 0.3 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 8.4 ± 0.1 | 9.6 ± 0.1 | 5.0 ± 0.1 | 3.3 ± 0.1 | 4.2 ± 0.2 | 3.6 ± 0.2 |
Minimum | 9.6 ± 0.1 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 3.6 ± 0.2 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.02 | 0.84 ± 0.08 | 32.6 ± 0.9 | 3.2 ± 0.1 | 19.6 ± 0.5 |
Maximum | 23.2 ± 0.2 | 10.9 ± 0.4 | 19.2 ± 0.8 | 48.8 ± 0.4 | 164.0 ± 1.0 | 100.5 ± 0.9 | 167.0 ± 1.0 | 239.6 ± 1.0 | 336.6 ± 2.0 | 97.4 ± 1.0 |
Mean (Fe, n = 10) | 17.1 ± 0.7 | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 9.1 ± 0.3 | 24.0 ± 0.7 | 39.6 ± 0.2 | 46.0 ± 1.0 | 48.0 ± 1.0 | 111.2 ± 2.0 | 77.0 ± 1.0 | 67.0 ± 1.0 |
Minimum | 6.5 ± 0.1 | 6.4 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ±0.1 | 2.4 ± 0.1 | 2.7 ± 0.1 | 0.25 ± 0.02 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 |
Maximum | 10.5 ± 1.0 | 12.0 ± 1.0 | 4.6 ± 0.3 | 28.6 ± 0.3 | 5.0 ± 0.2 | 6.2 ± 0.2 | 5.6 ± 0.3 | 4.1 ± 0.2 | 3.5 ± 0.2 | 3.4 ± 0.1 |
Mean (Cu, n = 10) | 8.1 ± 0.2 | 8.6 ± 0.6 | 3.7 ± 0.2 | 5.8 ± 0.2 | 3.8 ± 0.1 | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 4.1 ± 0.1 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.1 |
Minimum | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 3.0 ± 0.3 | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 6.6 ± 0.2 | 4.8 ± 0.6 | 4.8 ± 0.2 | 8.2 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 0.2 | 4.0 ± 0.1 | 7.0 ± 0.3 |
Maximum | 4.6 ± 0.3 | 12.7 ± 0.7 | 10.7 ± 0.5 | 13.2 ± 0.2 | 16.1 ± 0.5 | 15.5 ± 0.8 | 12.8 ± 0.6 | 17.4 ± 0.9 | 67.7 ± 0.7 | 22.4 ± 0.9 |
Mean (Zn, n = 10) | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 5.7 ± 0.8 | 7.6 ± 0.5 | 9.2 ± 0.9 | 11.5 ± 0.7 | 9.1 ± 0.4 | 10.3 ± 0.8 | 10.0 ± 1.0 | 19.0 ± 1.0 | 15.7 ± 1.0 |
Minimum | 3.2 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 0.12 ± 0.03 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 0.18 ± 0.05 | 5.0 ± 0.1 | 0.12 ± 0.05 | 0.16 ± 0.05 | 0.17 ± 0.05 |
Maximum | 4.3 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 8.2 ± 0.5 | 0.87 ± 0.04 | 14.3 ± 1.0 | 0.57 ± 0.04 | 0.98 ± 0.04 | 0.65 ± 0.05 |
Mean (Co, n = 10) | 3.9 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 0.78 ± 0.03 | 6.5 ± 0.4 | 0.41 ± 0.03 | 9.0 ± 1.0 | 0.32 ± 0.03 | 0.45 ± 0.03 | 0.43 ± 0.04 |
Minimum | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.18 ± 0.05 | 0.25 ± 0.05 | 0.21 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.58 ± 0.02 | 0.11 ± 0.04 | 0.47 ± 0.07 | 0.33 ± 0.02 |
Maximum | 0.95 ± 0.05 | 0.98 ± 0.04 | 0.87 ± 0.06 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.65 ± 0.05 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.03 | 0.57 ± 0.06 | 0.95 ± 0.05 | 0.87 ± 0.05 |
Mean (Al, n = 10) | 0.41 ± 0.06 | 0.51 ± 0.04 | 0.38 ± 0.03 | 0.62 ± 0.04 | 0.35 ± 0.05 | 0.87 ± 0.03 | 0.86 ± 0.03 | 0.32 ± 0.03 | 0.69 ± 0.04 | 0.46 ± 0.03 |
Minimum | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.03 | 0.25 ± 0.05 | 0.14 ± 0.05 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 3.2 ± 0.1 | 0.16 ± 0.05 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 0.11 ± 0.01 |
Maximum | 0.87 ± 0.06 | 0.54 ± 0.03 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 7.5 ± 0.4 | 0.25 ± 0.05 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.04 |
Mean (Cr, n = 10) | 0.39 ± 0.04 | 0.23 ± 0.03 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 0.64 ± 0.03 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 5.7 ± 0.7 | 0.17 ± 0.04 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 0.47 ± 0.03 |
Minimum | 0.13 ± 0.02 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 0.32 ± 0.03 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 1.0 ± 0.1 |
Maximum | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 0.87 ± 0.02 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 0.92 ± 0.06 | 0.67 ± 0.04 | 0.85 ± 0.05 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 0.61 ± 0.03 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.1 |
Mean (Ni, n = 10) | 0.64 ± 0.03 | 0.27 ± 0.03 | 0.49 ± 0.03 | 0.56 ± 0.04 | 0.36 ± 0.03 | 0.49 ± 0.04 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 0.45 ± 0.03 | 0.72 ± 0.04 | 1.4 ± 0.1 |
Minimum | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Maximum | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Mean (As, n = 10) | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Minimum | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.02 |
Maximum | 0.31 ± 0.04 | 0.98 ± 0.04 | 0.47 ± 0.03 | 0.54 ± 0.05 | 0.44 ± 0.06 | 0.65 ± 0.15 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.68 ± 0.04 | 0.48 ± 0.04 |
Mean (Cd, n = 10) | 0.16 ± 0.03 | 0.35 ± 0.03 | 0.24 ± 0.02 | 0.28 ± 0.03 | 0.17 ± 0.03 | 0.23 ± 0.03 | 0.46 ± 0.03 | 0.56 ± 0.03 | 0.31 ± 0.03 | 0.31 ± 0.03 |
Minimum | 0.18 ± 0.04 | 0.17 ± 0.03 | 0.25 ± 0.05 | 0.24 ± 0.04 | 0.16 ± 0.04 | 0.21 ± 0.04 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.28 ± 0.04 | 0.24 ± 0.06 | 0.14 ± 0.03 |
Maximum | 0.87 ± 0.04 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 0.64 ± 0.04 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 0.50 ± 0.1 | 0.72 ± 0.06 | 0.24 ± 0.07 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 0.90 ± 0.1 | 0.87 ± 0.06 |
Mean (Pb, n = 10) | 0.38 ± 0.02 | 0.90 ± 0.1 | 0.48 ± 0.04 | 0.72 ± 0.03 | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 0.56 ± 0.04 | 0.14 ± 0.03 | 0.58 ± 0.05 | 0.60 ± 0.04 | 0.32 ± 0.08 |
Metals | SG | SB | SRW | SRP | SS | SP | SL | SDB | ST | SPe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mg | 9.57 × 10−3 | 2.35 × 10−2 | 4.84 × 10−3 | 5.30 × 10−3 | 4.54 × 10−3 | 7.92 × 10−3 | 8.42 × 10−3 | 7.85 × 10−3 | 7.68 × 10−3 | 1.53 × 10−2 |
Ca | 3.31 × 10−2 | 7.47 × 10−2 | 3.36 × 10−2 | 1.49 × 10−2 | 2.01 × 10−2 | 1.93 × 10−2 | 8.58 × 10−3 | 1.08 × 10−2 | 1.23 × 10−2 | 2.16 × 10−2 |
Mn | 2.52 × 10−3 | 2.42 × 10−3 | 6.54 × 10−4 | 4.71 × 10−4 | 3.01 × 10−3 | 3.43 × 10−3 | 1.77 × 10−3 | 1.17 × 10−3 | 1.49 × 10−3 | 1.27 × 10−3 |
Fe | 6.10 × 10−3 | 1.62 × 10−3 | 3.25 × 10−3 | 8.59 × 10−3 | 1.41 × 10−2 | 1.63 × 10−2 | 1.73 × 10−2 | 3.97 × 10−2 | 2.75 × 10−2 | 2.39 × 10−2 |
Cu | 2.88 × 10−3 | 3.07 × 10−3 | 1.32 × 10−3 | 2.07 × 10−3 | 1.34 × 10−3 | 1.49 × 10−3 | 1.48 × 10−3 | 8.68 × 10−4 | 7.57 × 10−4 | 9.36 × 10−4 |
Zn | 9.29 × 10−4 | 2.02 × 10−3 | 2.72 × 10−3 | 3.27 × 10−3 | 4.10 × 10−3 | 3.25 × 10−3 | 3.68 × 10−3 | 3.65 × 10−3 | 6.91 × 10−3 | 5.60 × 10−3 |
Co | 1.41 × 10−3 | 5.61 × 10−4 | 5.39 × 10−4 | 2.79 × 10−4 | 2.31 × 10−3 | 1.46 × 10−4 | 3.19 × 10−3 | 1.14 × 10−4 | 1.61 × 10−4 | 1.54 × 10−4 |
Al | 1.46 × 10−4 | 1.82 × 10−4 | 1.36 × 10−4 | 2.21 × 10−4 | 1.27 × 10−4 | 3.11 × 10−4 | 3.07 × 10−4 | 1.14 × 10−4 | 2.46 × 10−4 | 1.64 × 10−4 |
Cr | 1.39 × 10−4 | 8.21 × 10−5 | 5.25 × 10−4 | 2.29 × 10−4 | 5.79 × 10−4 | 2.05 × 10−3 | 6.07 × 10−5 | 4.54 × 10−4 | 7.82 × 10−4 | 1.68 × 10−4 |
Ni | 2.29 × 10−4 | 9.64 × 10−5 | 1.75 × 10−4 | 2.00 × 10−4 | 1.31 × 10−4 | 1.75 × 10−4 | 5.50 × 10−4 | 1.61 × 10−4 | 2.57 × 10−4 | 4.89 × 10−4 |
Cd | 5.71 × 10−5 | 1.25 × 10−4 | 8.57 × 10−5 | 1.00 × 10−4 | 5.96 × 10−5 | 8.21 × 10−5 | 1.64 × 10−4 | 2.00 × 10−4 | 1.11 × 10−4 | 1.11 × 10−4 |
Pb | 1.36 × 10−4 | 3.29 × 10−4 | 1.71 × 10−4 | 2.57 × 10−4 | 6.57 × 10−5 | 2.00 × 10−4 | 5.00 × 10−5 | 2.07 × 10−4 | 2.14 × 10−4 | 1.14 × 10−4 |
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Ahmed, M.; Shafqat, S.S.; Javed, A.; Sanaullah, M.; Shakoor, A.; Shafiq, M.I.; Shahzadi, S.K.; Wani, T.A.; Zargar, S. Exposure Assessment of Essential and Potentially Toxic Metals in Wheat-Based Sweets for Human Consumption: Multivariate Analysis and Risk Evaluation Studies. Molecules 2023, 28, 7365. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28217365
Ahmed M, Shafqat SS, Javed A, Sanaullah M, Shakoor A, Shafiq MI, Shahzadi SK, Wani TA, Zargar S. Exposure Assessment of Essential and Potentially Toxic Metals in Wheat-Based Sweets for Human Consumption: Multivariate Analysis and Risk Evaluation Studies. Molecules. 2023; 28(21):7365. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28217365
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmed, Mahmood, Syed Salman Shafqat, Amna Javed, Mudassar Sanaullah, Abdul Shakoor, Muhammad Imtiaz Shafiq, Syeda Kiran Shahzadi, Tanveer A. Wani, and Seema Zargar. 2023. "Exposure Assessment of Essential and Potentially Toxic Metals in Wheat-Based Sweets for Human Consumption: Multivariate Analysis and Risk Evaluation Studies" Molecules 28, no. 21: 7365. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28217365