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Review

Biological Activities of Novel Oleanolic Acid Derivatives from Bioconversion and Semi-Synthesis

by
Nahla Triaa
1,2,
Mansour Znati
1,
Hichem Ben Jannet
1,* and
Jalloul Bouajila
2,*
1
Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Team, Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Natural Products and Reactivity (LR11ES39), Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue of Environment, Monastir 5019, Tunisia
2
Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2024, 29(13), 3091; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29133091
Submission received: 18 May 2024 / Revised: 17 June 2024 / Accepted: 26 June 2024 / Published: 28 June 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds: Volume II)
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Abstract

:
Oleanolic acid (OA) is a vegetable chemical that is present naturally in a number of edible and medicinal botanicals. It has been extensively studied by medicinal chemists and scientific researchers due to its biological activity against a wide range of diseases. A significant number of researchers have synthesized a variety of analogues of OA by modifying its structure with the intention of creating more potent biological agents and improving its pharmaceutical properties. In recent years, chemical and enzymatic techniques have been employed extensively to investigate and modify the chemical structure of OA. This review presents recent advancements in medical chemistry for the structural modification of OA, with a special focus on the biotransformation, semi-synthesis and relationship between the modified structures and their biopharmaceutical properties.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Plants have been a vital source of nourishment and medicinal substances for mankind for a long time [1]. This source is characterized by a diversity of molecules with a variety of bioactive properties [2]. Therefore, natural products have several notable advantages, including biodegradability, wide availability from diverse sources, and low susceptibility to drug resistance [3]. Nature has been used since ancient times to combat various illnesses [4]. Per the World Health Organization (WHO), 80% of developing countries’ populations rely on the use of effective traditional medical practices as their principal form of health care [5]. Chemists worldwide have shown great interest in natural source products due to their potential to provide new chemical varieties for drug discovery [6,7]. Almost one half of the new medicines launched in the last three out decades are either naturally occurring products or their derivatives.
According to the WHO, many countries, including Germany (77%), France (49%), Belgium (31%), Australia (48%), and Canada (70%), have adopted traditional herbal treatment systems [8]. Additionally, traditional Chinese herbal medicine has been used to treat COVID-19 [9]. Triterpenoids are a valuable benchmark for drug discovery programs because of their wide diversity of activities. To date, more than 20,000 triterpenoids have been discovered [10,11]. Triterpenoid compounds are a type of secondary metabolite [12] with a diverse range of biopharmaceutical activities, among them anti-inflammatory [13], antiviral activity against HIV [14], antidiabetic, neuropharmacological [15] and antihyperuricemic properties [16]. Pentacyclic triterpenoids, such as lupane, oleanane, and ursane [17], exhibit bioactivity [18]. Among these, Oleanolic acid (OA) has received more attention from researchers due to its abundance in medicinal herbs and foods [19]. Discovered in the 1970s, this molecule is chemically known as 3β-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid [20,21] and is also known as angelic acid, caryophellin and oleanol [22]. It is derived from the oleanane family of pentacyclic triterpenoids [23,24] and is extracted from over 2000 plants [25], including numerous food and medicinal herbs [26]. For example, the following plants have been identified as containing this compound: Corni Fructus [27], Salvia [28], Olea europea [29], Pistacia lentiscus [30], Apples [31], Viscum album L. [32], Aralia elata [33], Couepia polyandra, Perilla frutescens, and Glechoma hederaceae [34]. Naturally, OA can be present as a free acid. It is also found as an aglycone precursor of the triterpenoid saponins, where it can be associated with sugar or sugar chains [20]. For instance, numerous oleanolic acid saponins are derived from the Viguiera decurrens plant, including 15a-angeloyloxy-ent-kaur-16-en19-oic acid, oleanolic acid-3-O-methylb-d-glucuronopyranosiduronoate, etc. These compounds exhibit intriguing anti-cancer properties [35]. Additionally, 3-O-α-l-arabinosyl oleanolic acid can be isolated from Schumacheria castaneifolia and has interesting anticancer activity [36]. OA has been used in traditional medicines for centuries; it is an ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and has been clinically used for 20 years to treat hepatitis [37]. It is also widely used in India as a medicinal compound with natural properties [38]. Today, many medicines are derived from plants, underlining the importance of traditional remedies in modern medicine. The therapeutic potential of Ocimum sanctum L. is well documented, particularly as an anti-asthmatic and antikaphytic medicine [39]. Azadirachta Indica A. Juss, or neem, is a popular medicinal plant in Asia and Africa, and has been used since ancient times for a variety of purposes [40]. Tribulus terrestris is also used to treat urinary disorders, hyperuricaemia and impotence, as well as being a diuretic [41].
In a pharmacological context, the anti-apoptotic [42] and antioxidant [43] properties of oleanolic acid (OA) could well explain its various therapeutic effects. By protecting cells and reducing oxidative stress, these mechanisms can reduce hypoglycemic [44], anti-inflammatory [45], anti-cancer, anti-microbial [42] and anti-influenza [46] effects. These properties, along with its traditional medicinal use, have led researchers to consider this compound to have therapeutic potential for the prevention and control of many illnesses, including diabetes, cancer, AIDS and many other diseases [47]. Despite being widely used in various fields, the efficacy of OA has not been fully revealed as its poor solubility in water and the permeability of the cell membrane limit its use [48]. This has prompted scientific researchers to devote more attention to improving its use. Several reviews have been published on this acid, focusing on its beneficial properties and its derivatives. Yang et al. [49] analyzed recent research on semi-synthetic derivatives, with their study focusing on the advances made in understanding the biological characteristics of OA and its derivatives. However, comprehensive evaluations are lacking due to the numerous articles published each year, which presents obstacles for future research. Therefore, we have provided an update to address this issue.
This study presents an exhaustive analysis of oleanolic acid, encompassing both biological and chemical aspects. Firstly, the enzymatic method is described, including an overview of the phenomenon and definitions of the enzymes and fungi used for bioconversion. Secondly, we offer more detail on semi-synthesis, as almost all the derivatives are semi-synthetic. A comprehensive presentation of the derivatives is provided, accompanied by detailed diagrams illustrating the chemical reactions, including the reagents and solvents utilized. Furthermore, we have addressed the biological aspect by elucidating the phenomenon of biotransformation and enzymatic reactions in general. This approach has been designed with the intention of facilitating the work of scientific researchers. In conclusion, this review can serve as a biological and organic reference for future therapeutic development.

2. Enzymatic Production of Oleanolic Acid Derivatives

The primary objective of life is to maintain optimal health by actively combating disease, regardless of the means employed, whether simple or complex. Researchers are continuously working to discover natural molecules or synthesize compounds with intriguing biological activities. OA (Figure 1) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that has been extensively researched and is considered highly important in nature [50].
Scientists have made significant efforts to improve the activity of organic compounds, whether enzymatically or chemically. Enzymatic reactions, using microorganisms, are preferred due to their simplicity, safety, and efficiency in modifying organic compounds [51,52]. Currently, there are few works on the biotransformation of OA. In fact, this review presents all derivatives of this triterpenoid acid that result from enzymatic transformations (Table 1).
Zhang et al. [53] have described the formation of a new molecule, OA methyl ester (1). This molecule is characterized by the esterification of the carboxyl group located at C28. The transformation was accomplished using the bacterium Nocardia sp. NRRL 564. In a previous work, Choudhary et al. [50] demonstrated that the fungus Fusarium lini can biotransform our acid by producing two oxidative metabolites (Table 1). These compounds are distinguished by the insertion of a hydroxyl group at C2 for 2α,3β-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid (2) and at C2 and C11 for 11β-trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid (3). Both molecules were tested for their α-glucosidase inhibition properties. The results show that the enzyme was more strongly inhibited by these two compounds, which exhibited IC50 values of 444 µM and 666 µM, respectively. Furthermore, Liu et al. [52] utilized two types of fungi to produce nine derivatives of OA. Six products were produced by Alternaria longipes through biotransformation, while Penicillium adametzi yielded three compounds. Four of these derivatives demonstrated greater cytotoxicity against cancerous human cell lines. Martinez et al. [54] used the fungus Rhizomucor miehei to hydroxylate C-1, C-7, and C-30 (13–15). In addition, Ting et al. [51] carried out a microbiological conversion of OA using Trichothecium roseum, resulting in the discovery of two new hydroxylated compounds, 15α-hydroxy-3-oxo-olean-12-en-28-oic acid (16), was characterized by modifications at the C-3 and C-15 carbons, and 7β,15α-dihydroxy-3-oxo-olean-12-en-28-oic acid (17), was characterized by modifications at the C-3, C-7 and C-15 carbons.
Ludwig et al. [55] identified two molecules through biotransformation of OA using the bacterium Nocardia iowensis: the methyl ester of OA (18) and the ketone-methyl ester of OA (19) (Table 1). Circinella muscae AS 3.2695 converted OA at six sites (C-3, C-7, C-12, C-15, C-21, and C-28), producing hydroxylated and glycosylated molecules (20–28). The derivatives were assessed for anti-inflammatory activity and found to significantly reduce NO generation, with IC50 values ranging from 8.28 to 40.74 μM [56]. In a subsequent study, Luchnikova et al. [57] identified two derivatives resulting from the biotransformation of OA by the bacterium Rhodococcus rhodochrous. The first molecule has two hydroxyl groups at positions C-5 and C-22 (29), as well as two carboxyl groups at position C-23. The second molecule is characterized by a carboxyl group at C-23 (30).

3. Semi-Synthesis of OA and Biological Activities of Its Derivatives

The discovery of bioactive molecules through organic synthesis remains a persistent challenge. The relationship between synthesis and activity is complex, making the search for compounds with these properties difficult. Therefore, chemists and biologists are working to develop simplified methods for preparing bioactive compounds.

3.1. Anti-Cancer Activity

Throughout history, fatal illnesses have affected the world, with cancer being one of the most significant. In 2018, 18 million people worldwide were affected by cancer, which resulted in 9.6 million deaths [58]. Breast cancer was expected to affect 2.3 million women worldwide in 2020, killing 685,000 of them [48]. OA is recognized as a valuable resource in the search for anti-cancer drugs due to its remarkable activity [22]. Since 2000, researchers have published reports on the synthesis of various derivatives of this acid to combat this disease.
In fact, Yan et al. [59] have synthesized two naturally occurring products from OA and tested their antitumor activity against Hela cells (Table 2). The results indicate that compound 1a has the highest antitumor activity, with an IC50 value of 2.74 μM. Furthermore, Gupta et al. [60] synthesized 13 OA derivatives, composed of ester and amide derivatives, and investigated their antitumor cell growth ability against 9 human tumor cell lines: IMR-32, HOP-62, HCT-15, A-549, SW-620, IGR-OV-1, SF-295, PC-3, and MCF-7. Table 3 demonstrates that the ester compounds exhibited outstanding anticancer properties against IGR-OV-1, while the amide compounds demonstrated good efficacy against HOP-62.
Researchers have conducted extensive studies to create bioactive compounds of OA that aim to reduce side effects. Chen et al. [61] reported that derivatives of OA (Table 4) have strong cytotoxic effects against SMMC-7721. Various hydrophilic compounds were identified in the OA, and their ability to inhibit cancer cell proliferation was evaluated in the MCF-7, PC3, BGC-823, and A549 cell lines (Table 5). Most of the compounds exhibited potent cytotoxic effects. Compound 7a demonstrated the highest activity (IC50 = 0.39 μM) against PC3 cells, while compound 8a exhibited the highest potency (IC50 = 0.22 μM) against A549 cells [62].
Ester derivatives of OA were prepared by Mallavadhani et al. [63], who assessed their antiproliferative efficacy against several cancer cell lines (Table 6). When compared with OA, the in vitro cytotoxic test showed that the majority of the derivatives were effective against lung and SiHa cancer cell lines. Uridine–OA hybrid analogs were prepared and tested for their anti-cancer effects on various human tumor cell lines, including Hep-G2, A549, PC-3, MCF-7 and BGC-823 (Table 7). All synthesized derivatives demonstrated excellent inhibition of proliferation when compared with OA [64]. Recently, Chouaib et al. [65] prepared a series of OA analogues (12a–f) (Table 8) and assessed their anticancer effects against two cancer lines, SW480 and EMT-6. In addition, they described the cytotoxicity of two series of OA: 1-phenyl-1H-[1,2,3]triazol-4-ylmethyl esters (13a–f) and 1-phenyl-1H-[1,2,3]triazol-5-ylmethyl esters (14a–f) [66]. Li et al. [67] synthesized a number of novel OA compounds that were modified at the C-3 OH position by disulfide, selenium ether, or thioether bonds. The antiproliferative effect of these derivatives was assessed on different types of human cancer cells (HCT116, L02, BEL-7402 and HepG-2) (Table 9). The derivatives containing sulfur ether showed the best antiproliferative effect, especially on BEL-7402 cells. Compared with our acid and the positive reference drug, these OA derivatives showed significantly stronger anti-proliferative effects against these types of cancer cells. Li et al. [68] created novel analogues that target mitochondria (Table 9) in an effort to increase OA’s anticancer properties and therapeutic efficacy. The majority of these analogues were shown to be more powerfully cytotoxic to cancer cells than to normal cells when their efficacy on tumor cell lines was assessed. Compound 16b was very interesting, as it showed an IC50 in A549 cells of 0.81 μM. In further investigation, Şenol et al. [69,70] synthesized two series of new molecules from the natural product OA. The first series comprises OA derivatives in the form of fatty acid esters (17a to 17f), while the second series (18a to 18e) was synthesized from hydrazides and various aromatic aldehydes (Table 10). The cytotoxic properties of the molecules were tested in vitro using the PC3, A549 and BEAS-2B cell lines. In a subsequent study, Şenol et al. [71] synthesized a novel series of OA-derived α-unsaturated ketone derivatives (19a to 19i) with changes in C-2, C-3 and C-28. The compounds were evaluated against PC3 (Table 10). Their results indicate that these analogues are remarkably less toxic to HUVEC when compared with the reference drug doxorubicin.
In another work, Sheng et al. [72] reported four targeted hydrogen sulfide donor–OA hybrids at position C-3 and tested their biological activity, particularly anticancer activity (Table 11). According to the results, a limited number of hybrids showed intermediate inhibition against K562 cell growth. Over time, medicinal chemists have concentrated on developing compounds derived from OA. In a recently published study, Tang et al. [73] synthesized novel OA–dithiocarbamate conjugates and evaluated their biological activity (Table 12). Analogue 22e demonstrated the strongest and most comprehensive antiproliferative effects, as demonstrated by the test findings. It exhibited strong activity against A549, Hela, Huh-7, Panc1, HT-29, and Hep3B cells. Yu et al. [74] obtained a series of pyrazole-fused analogues of OA (Table 12). These derivatives were based on the pyrazole-fused derivatives of betulinic acid, which have demonstrated strong therapeutic activity. The effects of these molecules were assessed on the RAW264.7 cancer cell line. The strong cytotoxicity observed for some of these provides valuable clues for the development of new anti-tumor agents.

3.2. Anti-Diabetic Activity

It has been scientifically established that the liver centrally regulates the body’s glucose balance [75]. Controlling diabetes is crucial, due to its increasing prevalence worldwide. Type 2 diabetes affects a significant proportion of the adult population, estimated to be around 9% in 2014 [76].
In this context, several studies have shown that OA is effective in treating diabetes and metabolic syndrome. It is beneficial in improving the response to insulin, which helps to preserve β-cell functionality and survival. Additionally, it offers protection against the complications of this chronic disease [77]. Ali et al. [78] conducted one of the earliest studies to demonstrate the anti-diabetic effects of OA. The study evaluated the ability of five OA derivatives, which were modified in rings A, C, and D, to inhibit urease, α-glucosidase, β-lactamase, and acetylcholinesterase. The evaluated products had a significant effect on α-glucosidase, but no effect on other enzymes. Compound 24c demonstrated the highest potency as an inhibitor of this particular enzyme, with an IC50 of 7.97 μM. Chen et al. [79] synthesized various structurally diverse compounds of OA, with modifications at ring A (C-3 OH) or ring C (C-28 COOH) and assessed their effects on GPa inhibition. Derivative 25b exhibited greater potency against this enzyme, demonstrating an IC50 value of 3.30 μM. PTP1B is a significant regulator of the insulin pathway, making it a promising target for diabetes control. Based on this information, Zhang et al. [80] prepared various OA modifications at the C-3- and C-28- positions and evaluated their impact on PTP1B. The study found that many of these molecules have a considerable effect on diabetes. The previous study by Cheng et al. [81] focused mainly on the use of click chemistry. They prepared a series of novel nucleoside conjugates of OA and assessed their anti-diabetic activity using the GPa enzyme inhibition assay. They then prepared derivatives of OA dimers and evaluated them against GPa.
Cheng et al. [82] conducted research by synthesizing derivatives of OA dimers and evaluated their effects against GPa. Their study determined that analogue 30 was the most effective, showing an IC50 of 2.59 μM. In order to investigate the potential inhibitory effects of OA derivatives on PTP1B, a series of derivatives were synthesized with modifications to the carboxyl (C-28) and hydroxyl (C-3) groups. Compound 31f exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity, with an IC50 value of 3.12 µM. A molecular docking study on this molecule revealed that the crucial sites for the inhibitory activity of the PTP1B enzyme are the integrity of the A ring and the 12-ene units. In addition, hydrophilic and acidic groups play an essential role, as does the distance between the oleanene and these acidic groups [83]. Nie et al. [84] developed several OA compounds, focusing on modifications at the C-3 and C-28 sites of the structure. The objective was to design α-glucosidase inhibitors that incorporated a piperazine moiety to link the cinnamic acid moiety to OA at C-28. The majority of these new compounds displayed superior α-glucosidase inhibition compared with our acid. In particular, compound 33d showed potent inhibitory properties against this enzyme at an IC50 of 1.90 μM. This is about 50 times lower than our lead compound (IC50 of 98.50 μM) and 200 times lower than acarbose (IC50 of 388.00 μM). Zhang et al. [75] demonstrated the anti-diabetic properties of new derivatives of OA, which are characterized by modifications at the C-3 site. In addition, all of these derivatives underwent rigorous in vitro biological evaluations using GPa. The results show that several derivatives exhibited medium to substantial anti-glycogen phosphorylase inhibitory effects. Compound 34g proved particularly interesting, with notable activity (IC50 = 5.40 μM) that can be attributed to the presence of the triazole bond and the naphthalene ring. The research carried out by Liu et al. [85] explored a promising method for improving the properties of drugs by altering the carbohydrates in aglycones. They created twenty-four modified versions of OA by adding sugar. The molecules were assessed for their ability to exhibit inhibitory properties against the enzyme PTP1B. Among these, compounds 35a, 35b, 35c and 35d showed remarkable inhibitory activity against this enzyme. In particular, compound 35c was the most effective, showing an IC50 value of 0.56 μM. In another work, Tang et al. [86] prepared a variety of conjugates using OA and chalcone and evaluated their inhibitory effects. The study indicated that OA derivatives, conjugated with chalcone units in combination with furan, exhibited significant activity compared with other molecules. For instance, molecule 36a exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase, showing an IC50 of 3.20 μM.
In previous studies, Zhong et al. [87] focused on triterpenoids, in particular OA, demonstrating a keen interest in these compounds. Structural changes were made at the C-2, 3-OH, 28-COOH, C-12 and C-13 positions to synthesize a number of derivative forms of OA. The derivatives were evaluated for their biological properties in vitro and in vivo, in particular their efficacy against α-glucosidase. The study of the inhibition of this enzyme showed that most of the analogues exhibited significant levels of inhibition. The results highlight that the addition of substituents in the para position on the phenyl ring was particularly beneficial in enhancing the aglucosidase inhibitory activity of the analogue. In their search for new treatments for diabetes, Deng et al. [88] selected and prepared various derivatives of OA oxime esters (38a–38k) to create inhibitors targeting both α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Their analysis showed that the large number of compounds evaluated had significant activity against both enzymes. Gao et al. [89] prepared and characterized several new OA analogues modified at the C-2 and C-3 sites by fusion with pyrazole to evaluate their potential as selective inhibitors of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The study showed that the novel compound 39d exhibited potent inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase, with an IC50 of 2.64 μM. Until now, researchers have focused on finding solutions for type 2 diabetes. Using OA as a starting point, V. Petrova et al. [90] prepared a range of compounds and tested their capacity to inhibit α-glucosidase. The derivatives were found to be effective inhibitors of this enzyme (Table 13).

3.3. Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Anti-inflammatory activity is of paramount importance in medical research, with scientists focusing their efforts on how to reduce the body’s inflammatory responses. Nkeh-Chungag et al. [91] synthesized two derivatives of OA by acetylation and methylation (Figure 2) and evaluated them for anti-inflammatory activity using testing models that cause inflammation through fresh egg albums and serotonin in male Wistar rats. The laboratory also evaluated these compounds for their ability to stabilize erythrocyte membranes in a hemolysis test model induced by heat and low blood pressure. The tests that were carried out showed that the derivatives that were synthesized had more promising anti-inflammatory activity in comparison with the starting molecule.
Bednarczyk-Cwynar et al. [92] prepared a methyl-3-octanoyloxyiminoolean-12-en-28-oate derivative of OA and tested it for anti-inflammatory activity (Scheme 1). The evaluation of this molecule involved the administration of carrageenan injections, a substance known to induce significant oedema in the paws of rats. This model is frequently used to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of different molecules. The synthesized compound exhibited maximum activity between 1.5 and 3.0 h after carrageenan injection. A range of acid derivatives was prepared, characterized by modifications at C-2 and C-3 and leading to the formation of indole-fused derivatives (Scheme 2). These molecules were tested for their anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-induced nitric oxide formation in macrophages. Compared with the NOS inhibitor, these compounds showed a significant impact on NO production, with IC50 values ranging from 2.66 to 25.40 μM. Therefore, the prepared OA analogues show enhanced inhibitory activity. According to the studies carried out, the compounds that showed significant activity are characterized by the introduction of a heterocyclic ring in the A cycle of the oleanane skeleton and the insertion of amide groups at C-28 [93]. In a previous study, Nelson et al. [94] demonstrated that maslinic acid and its synthesized derivative exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. This is due to a chemical structural change at the C-2 position of the OA (Scheme 3). The study evaluated two molecules for their potential to inhibit the expression of inflammation-related genes in a mouse model of chemical-induced skin response. Both compounds reduced the expression of inflammatory genes induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate in the skin of the mice. Maslinic acid, though, was stronger than the other compound synthesized.
Rali et al. [95] achieved a significant breakthrough by enhancing the anti-inflammatory properties of OA (Scheme 4). They accomplished this by modifying its structure through methylation at the C-28 level of the E ring and acetylation at the C-3 site of the A ring. Isoxazole derivatives of OA were synthesized using the microwave-assisted 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. The anti-inflammatory properties of the majority of these compounds were studied using PBMCs. This approach allowed for the exploration of the potential of a series of isoxazole derivatives of OA as anti-inflammatory agents [65]. These results encouraged Chouaib [66] to continue his work on OA. He succeeded in synthesizing two series of our acid (Scheme 5). The result of a test using LPS-stimulated PBMCs shows that molecule 46c has anti-inflammatory activity.
In the context of inflammation studies, Krajka-Kuźniak et al. [96] developed new derivatives of OA oxime (Scheme 6) and evaluated their interaction with ASP in modulating NF-κB expression and activation in HepG2 cells, which serve as a human hepatoma model. The results suggest that these derivatives, especially when used with aspirin (derivatives 48a–48c), can affect COX-2 expression in HepG2 cells by regulating the NF-κB pathway. In continuation, Krajka-Kuźniak et al. [97] conducted further research and made structural modifications to the acid compound by incorporating succinic acid at the C-3 site, yielding four novel derivatives of OA oxime (Scheme 7). The derivatives were then tested for their impact on NF-κB and STATs regulation and activation in HepG2 cells. The findings suggest that SMAM is the most potent regulator of both enzymes among the derivatives.
In another work, Liu et al. [98] synthesized saponin derivatives to enhance the pharmacokinetic properties of OA, aiming to discover more effective anti-inflammatory agents (Scheme 8). In vitro tests have shown that these derivatives greatly inhibit the release of pro-inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α in THP1-derived macrophages activated by LPS.
Jin et al. [99] prepared 11 new analogues of oxooleanolic acid (Scheme 9) to improve its anti-inflammatory activity. Activity was studied using the BV2 cell model of inflammation induced by LPS. In vivo and Western blot studies showed that two derivatives (51c and 51d) significantly inhibited the expression of p-NF-κB, iNOS, p-Akt, p-JNK, p-ERK, p-p38 and COX-2 proteins, while enhancing the expression of HO-1 and Nrf2 proteins in BV2 cells. Both compounds can also exert their anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the production of nitric oxide (43.80% and 54.80%), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines such as MIP-1α, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-12, and IL-1β, while increasing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10.
Hassan Mir et al. [100] synthesized compounds of OA (Scheme 10) and showed anti-inflammatory activity against NO, IL-6 and TNF-α. Altering the C-2 locations of OA’s A ring resulted in the arylidene derivative. These substances have demonstrated stronger anti-inflammatory properties.

3.4. Antimicrobial Activity

The emergence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria represents a significant challenge to public health, prompting researchers to explore novel therapeutic strategies. The results of the literature search reveal that several triterpenoids have been demonstrated to possess antimicrobial properties [101]. In particular, oleanolic acid has been identified as a notable example of this phenomenon [102]. The compound has the capacity to inhibit the development of resistance mechanisms in bacteria pathogens [103]. This resistance is achieved through the specific targeting of the bacterial cell envelope [104].
Hichri et al. [101] prepared several new derivatives of OA, such as amide, phosphorus, oxidizing and ester compounds (Table 14). The antimicrobial efficacy of these compounds was evaluated on four bacterial strains. The results indicate that compounds 53a and 53b showed remarkable efficacy against Salmonella typhimurium, which is the most resistant strain. Compounds 53b, 53c, 53e, and 53f showed moderate efficacy as inhibitors against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chouaïb et al. [102] prepared a number of OA esters and tested their antimicrobial efficacy against a variety of bacteria, such as S. aureus and E. coli (Table 15). The study found that OA esters containing sulfur and chlorine atoms show potential as antimicrobial agents. Based on the antimicrobial properties of OA, Blanco-Cabra et al. [103] prepared several amide derivatives modified at C-28 (Scheme 11). These compounds were studied in vivo and in vitro.
In a separate study, Khwaza et al. [104] synthesized hybrid compounds based on OA–4-aminoquinoline and tested their antibacterial efficacy on selected bacterial strains. The synthesized compounds demonstrated antibacterial efficacy against the tested bacterial strains (Table 15). A study conducted in vitro examined the antibacterial effects of various synthesized derivatives of OA against four Staphylococcus species (Table 14). The study found no significant antibacterial efficacy, however, even at elevated concentrations [105]. Lahmadi et al. [106] prepared a series of novel OA–phthalimidines (Scheme 12) and assessed their antibacterial effectiveness against various bacteria. The derivatives exhibited greater antibacterial efficacy than OA. A molecular docking study highlighted the importance of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions for this activity.
In another work, Boulila et al. [107] prepared a novel series of analogs of OA and tested their the antibiofilm and antibacterial efficacy in vitro. Their findings indicate that certain derivatives exhibited significant antibacterial activity (Table 15).
Table 14. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of derivatives of OA against several bacteria (MIC and MBC (µM)).
Table 14. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of derivatives of OA against several bacteria (MIC and MBC (µM)).
Molecules 29 03091 i236
SA
MIC/MBC		EC
MIC/MBC		PA
MIC/MBC		ST
MIC/MBC		SE
MIC/MBC		MS
MIC/MBC		Reference
53aMolecules 29 03091 i237>188/->188/->/-126/583--[101]
53b Molecules 29 03091 i238175/1756175/1756>189/-189/585--
53c Molecules 29 03091 i239175/975175/1756189/1756175/1756--
Molecules 29 03091 i240
53d Molecules 29 03091 i241>165/->165/->165/->165 ---[101]
53e Molecules 29 03091 i242156/1285156/1653165/1653165/1653--
Molecules 29 03091 i243
53fMolecules 29 03091 i244156/1566156/1566156/522156/1218--[101]
53g Molecules 29 03091 i245------
53h Molecules 29 03091 i246------
53iMolecules 29 03091 i247>175/->175/->175/->175/---
53jMolecules 29 03091 i248>152/->152/->152/->152/---
Molecules 29 03091 i249
53k Molecules 29 03091 i250------
53l Molecules 29 03091 i251------
53m Molecules 29 03091 i252------
Molecules 29 03091 i253[105]
54a Molecules 29 03091 i254---->200/->200/-
54b Molecules 29 03091 i255---->200/->200/-
Gatifloxacin NDND
SA: Staphylococcus aureus, EC: Escherichia coli, PA: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ST: Salmonella typhi, SE: Staphylococcus epidermidis, MS: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration, MBC: minimum bacterial concentration, ND: not determined.
Table 15. Antibacterial activity of derivatives expressed in MIC and MBC (µM).
Table 15. Antibacterial activity of derivatives expressed in MIC and MBC (µM).
Molecules 29 03091 i256
Gram-Positive Bacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria Reference
SAEF EC PA [102]
RMICMBCMICMBC MIC MBC MIC MBC
55a Molecules 29 03091 i2572652844826826
55b Molecules 29 03091 i258321642441841849
55c Molecules 29 03091 i25927459459452745
55dMolecules 29 03091 i2603052305281.76888
55e Molecules 29 03091 i261--------
Molecules 29 03091 i262[104]
56aMolecules 29 03091 i2633.71-1.85-1.85-3.71-
56b Molecules 29 03091 i2643.71-3.71-3.71-3.71-
56c Molecules 29 03091 i2651.77-1.77-1.77-3.55-
56d Molecules 29 03091 i2663.95-1.97-1.97-3.95-
Molecules 29 03091 i267
56eMolecules 29 03091 i2681.89-1.89-3.78-3.78-
56fMolecules 29 03091 i2693.54-1.77-1.77-3.54-
Molecules 29 03091 i270[107]
57a Molecules 29 03091 i271217-54-217-108-
57b Molecules 29 03091 i272138-33.51-69.25-69.25-
57cMolecules 29 03091 i27365.61-32.80-65.61-65.61-
57dMolecules 29 03091 i274258-32.26-129-32.26-
57eMolecules 29 03091 i27534.62-69.25-34.62-69.25-
57fMolecules 29 03091 i276131.23-65.61-131.23-65.61-
57gMolecules 29 03091 i27764.53-32.26-64.53-64.53-
57hMolecules 29 03091 i27865.61-65.61-65.61--65.61-
57iMolecules 29 03091 i279254-31.87-127-31.87-
57jMolecules 29 03091 i280243-30.38-121-30.38-
57k Molecules 29 03091 i281133-33.29-66.59--66.59-
SA: Staphylococcus aureus, EC: Escherichia coli, EF: Enterococcus faecalis, MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration, MBC: minimum bacterial concentration.

3.5. Anti-Influenza Activity

For centuries, medicinal plants have been used to combat disease. However, despite this, human health remains at risk due to the alarming increase in diseases, particularly viral infections, which account for over 65% of all illnesses worldwide [108,109]. Infections with the influenza virus pose a significant threat to human health, resulting in numerous deaths and millions of upper respiratory tract infections each year. It is the most common respiratory pathogen in the world [110,111]. Shirahata et al. [112] discovered a compound of OA to demonstrate its efficacy against viral diseases due to the antiviral activity of the acid (Scheme 13). Their results show that cinnamoyl saponin was an anti-influenza antiviral adjuvant. Su et al. [113] conducted research on the development of OA and evaluated the impact of sugar-conjugated derivatives on anti-influenza activity (Scheme 14). The in vitro studies showed a significant increase in anti-grippal activity of the conjugated compound OA–glucose, with an IC50 of 5.47 μM. Broad-spectrum efficacy experiments demonstrated that this compound was effective against both influenza A and B viruses, showing IC50 values in the micromole range. This activity is due to the presence of hydrogen bonds and the triazole group.
Meng et al. [114] synthesized derivatives of OA by linking various amino acids to 28-COOH. The aim was to develop molecules that are active against influenza viruses (Scheme 15). The efficacy of these molecules against the Influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1) virus was studied in vitro. Molecule 103e showed potent antiviral activity and a broad spectrum of activity with low micromolar IC50 values against several influenza variants, including BX-51B, A/WSN/33, BX-35 and A/Texas/50/2012.
Previous studies have shown that OA mildly inhibits influenza hemagglutinin (HA). Li et al. [115] prepared a number of several series of OA derivates with structural modifications at C-28 and tested their antiviral efficacy against A/WSN/33 (H1N1) in canine Madin–Darby kidney cells (Scheme 16). Based on the results of the biological assays, compound 105e exhibited the highest anti-influenza efficacy, with an IC50 value of 2.98 µM. This has a six-carbon chain with a terminal hydroxyl group. Furthermore, a surface plasmon resonance assay demonstrated that this derivative can impede influenza virus invasion by significantly interacting with HA protein.
In a recent study, Shao et al. [116] synthesized nonamer–OA using the CuAAC reaction (Scheme 17 and Scheme 18). The antiviral properties of the prepared compounds were assessed against antiviruses A and B in vitro. Their test results indicate that compounds 111 and 112a (n = 1) had higher IC50 values, with compound 111 IC50 = 5.23 μM and compound 112a IC50 = 7.93 μM.

3.6. Hepatitis Activity

Hepatitis is a disease with a long history that remains a significant global health issue. However, the reason for 10–20% of hepatitis infections is still unknown [117,118]. Li et al. [119] synthesized OA derivatives through various reactions and assessed their efficacy in treating hepatitis (Scheme 19). In vitro and in vivo bioassays demonstrated significant effects, with 113a exhibiting the most significant activity. Therefore, this molecule has the capability to become a treatment candidate for the hepatitis B virus.

3.7. Osteoporosis Activity

In the pursuit of new series of molecules, Zhang [120] continued his research on OA to derive other compounds with pharmaceutical properties. Two new series of OA compounds were synthesized by him and by his research team (Scheme 20). Both series were assessed for their capacity to inhibit the formation of MCs produced by vitamin D3 1a,25-dihydroxy. The data suggest that acid derivatives containing phenylalanine and proline have a higher potential for inhibition than both the control (100%) and the amino acids used.
Li et al. [121] synthesized a number of heterocyclic compounds of OA and tested their inhibition of the production of MCs (Scheme 21). Compounds 115a and 117 exhibited potent inhibition even at 200 nM. The activity was enhanced by introducing a heterocyclic ring with two nitrogen atoms on the carbonyl group at C-3, according to structure–activity relationships. Additionally, derivatives substituted with glycine and alanine showed improved activity.
In another work, Wu et al. [122] prepared several heterocyclic analogues, including indole, pyrazine, quinoxaline and quinoline, which were modified on the A ring and C-28 site of our acid (Scheme 22 and Scheme 23). They conducted in vitro tests to determine the anti-bone resorption properties of these derivatives. The screening findings revealed that the majority of the compounds reduced RANKL-induced osteoclast formation from RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, the pyrazole compounds had better inhibitory activity than the isoxazole compounds.
In response to the growing prevalence of osteoporosis among the elderly, Zhang et al. [123] investigated a range of compounds with biological activity against the disease (Scheme 24). They synthesized and tested a range of quinoxaline–OA compounds for their inhibitory effect on the nuclear factor kB-induced receptor activator of osteoclastogenesis (RANKL). Their findings indicate that these chemicals could be used as potential leads in the search for new anti-osteoporosis drugs.

4. Conclusions

The incorporation of natural compounds into pharmaceutical research is an essential and unavoidable part of the drug development process. OA, with its wide range of pharmacological activities, is currently the focus of extensive research. It offers promising prospects for the treatment of various conditions, including diabetes, cancer, hepatitis, Alzheimer’s disease and viral infections. However, due to the concerning rise in diseases each year and the importance of this acid, it is imperative to search for derivatives. After identifying it as a pharmacological compound, researchers in chemistry and biology undertook structural modifications to improve its efficacy, opening up promising new therapeutic prospects. Previous research has focused mostly on the pharmacological properties and structure–activity correlations of OA and its derivatives. In our study, we examined the structural modifications of OA using organic chemistry and enzymatic approaches. We also evaluated the biological activities of these derivatives and their correlation with their structure, while addressing aspects of organic synthesis.
Our work therefore consists of producing a summary that integrates the chemical and biological aspects of these compounds. It was found that the structural modification of OA primarily focuses on the A, C, and E rings, in conjunction with other bioactive components. Further exploration of biologically active molecules has led to promising results for the study of OA and its derivatives, offering potential relief from psychosomatic diseases. However, our research strategy focuses on broadening the chemical space of OA derivatives and optimizing their therapeutic potential using two complementary approaches: organic chemistry and enzymatic chemistry. Hence, our aim is to improve our understanding of OA and its derivatives, while exploring their potential applications in various biomedical fields.

Author Contributions

N.T. carried out the practical tasks and drafting of the manuscript. M.Z., H.B.J. and J.B. were involved in the correction of the manuscript, the orientation of the work, and the coordination of the project. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

Campus France PHC-UTIQUE PROJECT, E-mail: [email protected], Tel.: +33-01-40-40-58-58.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The study did not report any data.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Abbreviations

OAOleanolic acid
TCMTraditional Chinese Medicine
WHOWorld Health Organization
GPaRabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase a
PTP1BProtein tyrosine phosphatase 1B
LPSLipopolysaccharide
NOSNitric oxide synthase
NONitric oxide
PBMCsHuman peripheral blood mononuclear cells
ASPAspirin
NF-κBNuclear factor-κB
COX-2Cyclooxygenase-2
SMAM3-succinyloxyiminoolean-12-en-28-oic acid morpholide
TNF-αTumor necrosis factor α
IL-6Interleukin-6
iNOSInducible nitric oxide synthase
HO-1Heme oxygenase-1
Nrf2Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2

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Molecules 29 03091 g001
Figure 1. Chemical structure of oleanolic acid.
Figure 1. Chemical structure of oleanolic acid.
Molecules 29 03091 g001
Molecules 29 03091 g002
Figure 2. OA analogues.
Figure 2. OA analogues.
Molecules 29 03091 g002
Molecules 29 03091 sch001
Scheme 1. Synthesis of derivatives of methyl 3-octanoyloxyiminoolean-12-en-28-oate [92].
Scheme 1. Synthesis of derivatives of methyl 3-octanoyloxyiminoolean-12-en-28-oate [92].
Molecules 29 03091 sch001
Molecules 29 03091 sch002
Scheme 2. Synthesis of indole derivatives of OA [93].
Scheme 2. Synthesis of indole derivatives of OA [93].
Molecules 29 03091 sch002
Molecules 29 03091 sch003
Scheme 3. Synthesis of Maslinic acid and 3-epi-maslinic acid [94].
Scheme 3. Synthesis of Maslinic acid and 3-epi-maslinic acid [94].
Molecules 29 03091 sch003
Molecules 29 03091 sch004
Scheme 4. Synthesis of new analogues of OA derivatives [95].
Scheme 4. Synthesis of new analogues of OA derivatives [95].
Molecules 29 03091 sch004
Molecules 29 03091 sch005
Scheme 5. New derivatives of OA–isoxazole and OA–triazole [65,66].
Scheme 5. New derivatives of OA–isoxazole and OA–triazole [65,66].
Molecules 29 03091 sch005
Molecules 29 03091 sch006
Scheme 6. Synthesis of OA–oxime derivatives [96].
Scheme 6. Synthesis of OA–oxime derivatives [96].
Molecules 29 03091 sch006
Molecules 29 03091 sch007
Scheme 7. Synthesis of new derivatives of OA–oxime conjugates [97].
Scheme 7. Synthesis of new derivatives of OA–oxime conjugates [97].
Molecules 29 03091 sch007
Molecules 29 03091 sch008
Scheme 8. Synthesis of saponin derivatives as agents with anti-inflammatory activity [98].
Scheme 8. Synthesis of saponin derivatives as agents with anti-inflammatory activity [98].
Molecules 29 03091 sch008
Molecules 29 03091 sch009
Scheme 9. Synthesis of 11 oxo-OA derivatives as agents with anti-inflammatory activity [99].
Scheme 9. Synthesis of 11 oxo-OA derivatives as agents with anti-inflammatory activity [99].
Molecules 29 03091 sch009
Molecules 29 03091 sch010
Scheme 10. Synthesis of new arylidene derivatives of OA [100].
Scheme 10. Synthesis of new arylidene derivatives of OA [100].
Molecules 29 03091 sch010
Molecules 29 03091 sch011
Scheme 11. Synthesis of amide analogues with a principal modification at C-28 of OA [103].
Scheme 11. Synthesis of amide analogues with a principal modification at C-28 of OA [103].
Molecules 29 03091 sch011
Molecules 29 03091 sch012
Scheme 12. Synthesis of OA–phthalimidine compounds [106].
Scheme 12. Synthesis of OA–phthalimidine compounds [106].
Molecules 29 03091 sch012
Molecules 29 03091 sch013
Scheme 13. Synthesis of saponin analogue as anti-influenza agent [112].
Scheme 13. Synthesis of saponin analogue as anti-influenza agent [112].
Molecules 29 03091 sch013
Molecules 29 03091 sch014
Scheme 14. Synthesis of novel sugar-conjugated derivatives of OA [113].
Scheme 14. Synthesis of novel sugar-conjugated derivatives of OA [113].
Molecules 29 03091 sch014
Molecules 29 03091 sch015
Scheme 15. Synthesis of amino derivatives of OA [114].
Scheme 15. Synthesis of amino derivatives of OA [114].
Molecules 29 03091 sch015
Molecules 29 03091 sch016
Scheme 16. Synthesis of amino derivatives as anti- influenza agents [115].
Scheme 16. Synthesis of amino derivatives as anti- influenza agents [115].
Molecules 29 03091 sch016
Molecules 29 03091 sch017
Scheme 17. Synthesis of several acid derivatives with potential efficacy against influenza [116].
Scheme 17. Synthesis of several acid derivatives with potential efficacy against influenza [116].
Molecules 29 03091 sch017
Molecules 29 03091 sch018
Scheme 18. Synthesis of OA derivatives as anti-influenza agents [116].
Scheme 18. Synthesis of OA derivatives as anti-influenza agents [116].
Molecules 29 03091 sch018
Molecules 29 03091 sch019
Scheme 19. Synthesis of OA derivatives as anti-hepatitis agents [119].
Scheme 19. Synthesis of OA derivatives as anti-hepatitis agents [119].
Molecules 29 03091 sch019
Molecules 29 03091 sch020
Scheme 20. Synthesis of OA derivatives for the treatment of osteoporosis [120].
Scheme 20. Synthesis of OA derivatives for the treatment of osteoporosis [120].
Molecules 29 03091 sch020
Molecules 29 03091 sch021
Scheme 21. Synthesis of heterocyclic compounds [121].
Scheme 21. Synthesis of heterocyclic compounds [121].
Molecules 29 03091 sch021
Molecules 29 03091 sch022
Scheme 22. Synthesis of pyrazole compounds [122].
Scheme 22. Synthesis of pyrazole compounds [122].
Molecules 29 03091 sch022
Molecules 29 03091 sch023
Scheme 23. Synthesis of isoxazole compounds [122].
Scheme 23. Synthesis of isoxazole compounds [122].
Molecules 29 03091 sch023
Molecules 29 03091 sch024
Scheme 24. OA compounds as potential osteoclastogenesis inhibitors and anti-osteoporotic agents [123].
Scheme 24. OA compounds as potential osteoclastogenesis inhibitors and anti-osteoporotic agents [123].
Molecules 29 03091 sch024
Table 1. Biotransformation of OA by different enzymes and microorganisms.
Table 1. Biotransformation of OA by different enzymes and microorganisms.
Names of the
Micro-Organisms		 Derivatives Biological Activities References
Nocardia sp. NRRL 5646Molecules 29 03091 i001 - [53]
Furarium liniMolecules 29 03091 i002Anti-α-glycosidase activity IC50:
2: 444 µM
3: 666 µM		[50]
Alternaria longipesMolecules 29 03091 i003Anticancer activity HeLa Cell Line IC50:
4: 7.40 μM		[52]
Penicillium adametziMolecules 29 03091 i00410: 25.00 μM/11: 7.60 μM/12: 0.78 μM
Rhizomucor mieheiMolecules 29 03091 i005 - [54]
Trichothecium roseumMolecules 29 03091 i006 - [51]
Nocardia iowensisMolecules 29 03091 i007 - [55]
Circinella muscaeMolecules 29 03091 i008Anti-inflammatory activities Cell: RAW 264.7 IC50:
20: 9.24 μM/21: 56.13 μM/22: 68.39 μM
23: 10.06 μM/24: 34.63 μM/25: 39.83 μM
26: 11.28 μM/27: 40.74 μM/28: 8.28 μM		[56]
Rhodococcus rhodochrousMolecules 29 03091 i009 - [57]
IC50: inhibitory concentration required for 50% inhibition.
Table 2. Evaluation of natural OA derivatives against the HeLa cell line [59].
Table 2. Evaluation of natural OA derivatives against the HeLa cell line [59].
Molecules 29 03091 i010
1Cell Line Hela IC50 (μM)
1a Molecules 29 03091 i0112.74
1b Molecules 29 03091 i012>10
Table 3. Evaluation of ester and amide derivatives on two cell lines by inhibition (%) [60].
Table 3. Evaluation of ester and amide derivatives on two cell lines by inhibition (%) [60].
Molecules 29 03091 i013
2Cell Line: Conc. (50 μM)
IGR-OV-1HOP-62
2a Molecules 29 03091 i01425.00-
2b Molecules 29 03091 i01538.00-
2c Molecules 29 03091 i01645.00-
2d Molecules 29 03091 i01744.00-
2e Molecules 29 03091 i01836.00-
2f Molecules 29 03091 i01931.00-
Molecules 29 03091 i020
3
3a Molecules 29 03091 i021-22.00
3b Molecules 29 03091 i022-13.00
3c Molecules 29 03091 i023-27.00
3d Molecules 29 03091 i024-53.00
3e Molecules 29 03091 i025-32.00
3f Molecules 29 03091 i026-22.00
3g Molecules 29 03091 i027-16.00
Conc. (M): The molar concentration of the synthesized molecules.
Table 4. Evaluation of derivatives against cell viability of various cell lines by inhibition (%) [61].
Table 4. Evaluation of derivatives against cell viability of various cell lines by inhibition (%) [61].
Molecules 29 03091 i028
4Cell Line: Conc. (10 μM)
A549HT-29BEL-7402SMMC7721
4a Molecules 29 03091 i029 42.30 48.53 47.17 46.63
4b Molecules 29 03091 i030 88.43 77.90 73.24 85.86
4c Molecules 29 03091 i031 46.15 40.59 40.21 36.53
4d Molecules 29 03091 i032 38.99 45.22 35.41 44.80
4e Molecules 29 03091 i033 92.30 58.53 77.17 95.26
4f Molecules 29 03091 i034 48.90 51.00 45.28 43.75
4g Molecules 29 03091 i035 88.43 77.90 73.24 8.86
4h Molecules 29 03091 i036 78.64 85.02 65.40 84.80
Conc. (M): The molar concentration of the synthesized molecules.
Table 5. Evaluation of derivatives against MCF7 PC-3 A549 BGC-823 [62].
Table 5. Evaluation of derivatives against MCF7 PC-3 A549 BGC-823 [62].
Molecules 29 03091 i037
5Cell Line IC50 (μM)
MCF7PC-3A549BGC-823
5a Molecules 29 03091 i038 60.70 7.11 6.57 5.59
5b Molecules 29 03091 i039 805.00 7.72 11.90 13.40
Molecules 29 03091 i040
6
6a Molecules 29 03091 i041 5.19 0.83 1.31 7.32
6b Molecules 29 03091 i042 51.70 10.40 268.10 84.50
Molecules 29 03091 i043
7
7a Molecules 29 03091 i044 16.20 0.39 0.71 4.18
7b Molecules 29 03091 i045 35.10 8.07 19.30 9.36
Molecules 29 03091 i046
8
8a Molecules 29 03091 i047 1.98 5.45 6.12 27.20
8b Molecules 29 03091 i048 - 50.50 0.22 76.30
8c Molecules 29 03091 i049 7.18 6.38 727.50 81.90
Table 6. Evaluation of ester derivatives against various cell lines by inhibition (%) [63].
Table 6. Evaluation of ester derivatives against various cell lines by inhibition (%) [63].
Molecules 29 03091 i050
9Cell Line: Conc. (50 μM)
Colo-205SW-620SiHaHeLaA-549IMR-32
9a Molecules 29 03091 i051 0 1.00 15 0 31.00 16.00
9b Molecules 29 03091 i052 0 13.00 36.00 5.00 25.00 16.00
9c Molecules 29 03091 i053 15.00 2.00 30.00 27.00 20.00 16.00
Conc. (M): The molar concentration of the synthesized molecules.
Table 7. Evaluation of Uridine–OA hybrid analogues [64].
Table 7. Evaluation of Uridine–OA hybrid analogues [64].
Molecules 29 03091 i054aMolecules 29 03091 i054b
10Cell line IC50 (μM)
MCF-7A-549Hep-G2BGC-823PC-3
10a n = 21.762.68 3.92 5.09 1.02
10b n = 62.77 6.04 3.89 3.49 167.46
10c n = 84.45 1.67 3.54 2.24 15.09
Molecules 29 03091 i055aMolecules 29 03091 i055b
11
11a Molecules 29 03091 i0560.07 2.27 4.24<0.1 2.37
11b Molecules 29 03091 i0571.06 1.38 4.81 0.14 1.34
11c Molecules 29 03091 i058 0.83 1.83 5.43 0.29 51.52
11d Molecules 29 03091 i0590.855.89 4.79 <0.1 2.29
11e Molecules 29 03091 i0601.85 0.70 4.46 - 1.21
11f Molecules 29 03091 i0611.48 1.21 3.965.917.57
Table 8. Evaluation of OA derivatives against EMT-6 and SW480.
Table 8. Evaluation of OA derivatives against EMT-6 and SW480.
Molecules 29 03091 i062aMolecules 29 03091 i062b
12Cell Line Viability (% Control)
Conc. (100 μM)		Reference
EMT-6SW480
12a Molecules 29 03091 i063 108.00 82.00 [65]
12b Molecules 29 03091 i064 40.00 71.00
12c Molecules 29 03091 i065 44.00 61.00
12d Molecules 29 03091 i066 116.00 106.00
12e Molecules 29 03091 i067 32.00 57.00
12f Molecules 29 03091 i068 55.00 90.00
13 Molecules 29 03091 i069aMolecules 29 03091 i069b
14
13–14a Molecules 29 03091 i070 - - [66]
13b Molecules 29 03091 i071
14b		42.00
94.00		15.00
102.00
13c Molecules 29 03091 i072
14c		 - -
13d Molecules 29 03091 i073
14d		78.00
74.00		108.00
105.00
13e Molecules 29 03091 i074102.00
60.00		112.00
80.00
14e
13f Molecules 29 03091 i075 106.00 104.00
Conc. (M): The molar concentration of the synthesized molecules.
Table 9. Antiproliferative activity of derivatives of OA.
Table 9. Antiproliferative activity of derivatives of OA.
Molecules 29 03091 i076
15Cell Line IC50 (μM)Reference
16 BEL-7HepG2LO2A549
15a Molecules 29 03091 i077 9.81 40.91 26.73 - [67]
15b Molecules 29 03091 i078 7.08 46.67 30.25 -
15c Molecules 29 03091 i079 5.70 47.22 25.47 -
15d Molecules 29 03091 i080 10.12 30.06 13.28 -
Molecules 29 03091 i081aMolecules 29 03091 i081b
16
16a n = 3 - 1.06 - 0.93 [68]
16b n = 5 - 1.32 - 0.81
Table 10. Evaluation of OA derivatives against BEAS-2B, A549 and PC-3.
Table 10. Evaluation of OA derivatives against BEAS-2B, A549 and PC-3.
Molecules 29 03091 i082
17Cell Line: IC50 (μM)Reference
BEAS-2BA549PC3
17a Molecules 29 03091 i083 - - 3.71 [69]
17b Molecules 29 03091 i084 - - 14.63
17c Molecules 29 03091 i085 - - 8.26
17d Molecules 29 03091 i086 - - 21.93
17e Molecules 29 03091 i087 - - 15.90
17f Molecules 29 03091 i088 - - 6.08
Molecules 29 03091 i089
18		[70]
18a Molecules 29 03091 i090 1.15 0.25 -
18b Molecules 29 03091 i091 2.96 0.08 -
18c Molecules 29 03091 i092 2.76 0.35 -
18d Molecules 29 03091 i093 2.31 0.31 -
18e Molecules 29 03091 i094 5.26 1.72 -
Molecules 29 03091 i095
19		[71]
19a Molecules 29 03091 i096 - - 17.08
19b Molecules 29 03091 i097 - - 7.87
19c Molecules 29 03091 i098 - - 8.86
19d Molecules 29 03091 i099 - - 9.90
19e Molecules 29 03091 i100 - - 8.76
19f Molecules 29 03091 i101 - - 17.08
19g Molecules 29 03091 i102 - - 13.92
19h Molecules 29 03091 i103 - - 10.90
19i Molecules 29 03091 i104 - - 17.62
Table 11. Anticancer potential of agents of OA against K562 and K562/ADR.
Table 11. Anticancer potential of agents of OA against K562 and K562/ADR.
Molecules 29 03091 i105
20
Cell Line IC50 (µM)Reference
K562K562/ADR
[72]
20a n = 289.63>200
20b n = 492.39>200
Molecules 29 03091 i106
21
21a n = 655.2074.60
21b n = 895.00181.00
Table 12. Evaluation of anti-cancer activity of OA-dithiocarbamate conjugates.
Table 12. Evaluation of anti-cancer activity of OA-dithiocarbamate conjugates.
Molecules 29 03091 i107
22
Cell Line IC50 (µM)Reference
A549Hep3BHuh-7HT-29HelaLO2RAW264.7
[73]
22a Molecules 29 03091 i10892.10>200144.90 - 89.40113.40 -
22b Molecules 29 03091 i109135.80>200>200100.3077.10136.00 -
22c Molecules 29 03091 i11064.30 - >200>200133.70 - -
22d Molecules 29 03091 i11142.5026.3064.6018.3011.9034.10 -
22e Molecules 29 03091 i11228.8015.2029.9017.607.0062.80 -
22f Molecules 29 03091 i113 - 176.5096.90106.7106.20>200 -
22g Molecules 29 03091 i11424.4018.7070.6018.47.8030.30 -
22h Molecules 29 03091 i11533.6016.9049.407.6010.9025.20 -
22i Molecules 29 03091 i116>200>200106.70>20049.80>200 -
Molecules 29 03091 i117
23		[74]
23a Molecules 29 03091 i118------ -
23b Molecules 29 03091 i119------ -
23c Molecules 29 03091 i120------ 27.30
23d Molecules 29 03091 i121------ 40.45
23e Molecules 29 03091 i122------ 39.28
23f Molecules 29 03091 i123------ 2.67
23g Molecules 29 03091 i124------ 9.17
23h Molecules 29 03091 i125------ 9.31
23i Molecules 29 03091 i126------ 28.30
Table 13. Evaluation of anti-diabetic activity of OA derivatives against various enzymes.
Table 13. Evaluation of anti-diabetic activity of OA derivatives against various enzymes.
Molecules 29 03091 i127
24IC50 (μM)Reference
α-Glucosidaseα-AmylaseGPaPTP1BPositive Control
24a Molecules 29 03091 i12855.09 Deoxynojirimycin: 330.00[78]
24b Molecules 29 03091 i12919.01
24c Molecules 29 03091 i1307.97
24d Molecules 29 03091 i13189.71
24e Molecules 29 03091 i13221.63
Molecules 29 03091 i133
25
25a R1: Molecules 29 03091 i134 R2: Molecules 29 03091 i135 34.30 Caffeine: 114[79]
25b R1:Molecules 29 03091 i136 R2: Molecules 29 03091 i137 3.30
25c R1: Molecules 29 03091 i138 R2: Molecules 29 03091 i139 16.90
25d R1: Molecules 29 03091 i140 R2:Molecules 29 03091 i141 -
25e R1: Molecules 29 03091 i142 R2: Molecules 29 03091 i143 -
25f R1: Molecules 29 03091 i144 R2: Molecules 29 03091 i145 62.60
Molecules 29 03091 i146
26
26a Molecules 29 03091 i147 0.55-[80]
26b Molecules 29 03091 i148 0.51
26c Molecules 29 03091 i149 0.57
26d Molecules 29 03091 i150 0.45
26e Molecules 29 03091 i151 0.55
26f Molecules 29 03091 i152 0.53
26g Molecules 29 03091 i153 0.44
Molecules 29 03091 i154
27
27a Molecules 29 03091 i155 35.00 Caffeine: 98.50[81]
27b Molecules 29 03091 i156 15.50
27c Molecules 29 03091 i157 85.50
Molecules 29 03091 i158Caffeine: 102.30[82]
28 3.25
Molecules 29 03091 i159
29 12.30
Molecules 29 03091 i160
30 2.59
Molecules 29 03091 i161
31		[83]
31a Molecules 29 03091 i162 4.11Sodium Orthovanadate: -
31b Molecules 29 03091 i163 4.61
31c Molecules 29 03091 i164 6.39
31d Molecules 29 03091 i165 -
31e Molecules 29 03091 i166 -
31f Molecules 29 03091 i167 3.12
Molecules 29 03091 i168
32		[84]
32a Molecules 29 03091 i16992.60 Acarbose: 388.100
32b Molecules 29 03091 i170149.70
32c Molecules 29 03091 i171130.00
32d Molecules 29 03091 i17235.50
Molecules 29 03091 i173
33
33a Molecules 29 03091 i1745.90 Acarbose: 388.100
33b Molecules 29 03091 i17519.70
33c Molecules 29 03091 i1767.90
33d Molecules 29 03091 i1771.90
33e Molecules 29 03091 i1783.90
33f Molecules 29 03091 i1795.90
Molecules 29 03091 i180
34
34a Molecules 29 03091 i181 77.10 Caffeine: 144.00[75]
34b Molecules 29 03091 i182 25.60
34c Molecules 29 03091 i183 8.40
34e Molecules 29 03091 i184 11.20
34f Molecules 29 03091 i185 34.60
34g Molecules 29 03091 i186 5.40
Molecules 29 03091 i187[85]
35a 1.91Sodium Orthovanadate: 8.54
Molecules 29 03091 i188
35b 12.20
Molecules 29 03091 i189
35c 0.56
Molecules 29 03091 i190
35d 9.21
Molecules 29 03091 i191[86]
36a3.20 Acarbose: >300.00
Molecules 29 03091 i192
36b Molecules 29 03091 i19376.90
36c Molecules 29 03091 i19413.50
Molecules 29 03091 i195
36d Molecules 29 03091 i1964.10
36e Molecules 29 03091 i19711.50
Molecules 29 03091 i198
37		[87]
37a Molecules 29 03091 i1993.43 Acarbose: 579.15
37b Molecules 29 03091 i2000.98
37c Molecules 29 03091 i2010.72
37d Molecules 29 03091 i2021.29
37e Molecules 29 03091 i2032.74
37f Molecules 29 03091 i2043.29
37g Molecules 29 03091 i2050.33
37h Molecules 29 03091 i2061.74
37i Molecules 29 03091 i2070.69
37j Molecules 29 03091 i2081.92
37k Molecules 29 03091 i2093.67
37l Molecules 29 03091 i2101.17
Molecules 29 03091 i211
38		[88]
38a Molecules 29 03091 i2120.357.86 Acarbose: 665.56
38b Molecules 29 03091 i2130.6815.26
38c Molecules 29 03091 i2140.8925.37
38d Molecules 29 03091 i2151.4517.47
38e Molecules 29 03091 i2160.955.64
38f Molecules 29 03091 i2171.283.80
38g Molecules 29 03091 i2183.1312.57
38h Molecules 29 03091 i2191.3618.29
38i Molecules 29 03091 i2200.6725.57
38j Molecules 29 03091 i2210.9955.30
38k Molecules 29 03091 i2221.1035.47
Molecules 29 03091 i223
39		[89]
39a Molecules 29 03091 i2242.4440.36 Acarbose: 70.82
39b Molecules 29 03091 i2252.6055.12
39c Molecules 29 03091 i2264.5162.18
39d Molecules 29 03091 i2272.6487.23
39e Molecules 29 03091 i2282.7920.46
39f Molecules 29 03091 i2294.8636.18
Molecules 29 03091 i230
40		[90]
40a Molecules 29 03091 i2312.40 Acarbose: 436.00
40b Molecules 29 03091 i2324.56
40c Molecules 29 03091 i233752.60
Molecules 29 03091 i234aMolecules 29 03091 i234b
40d3.01
Molecules 29 03091 i235
40e12.37
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Triaa, N.; Znati, M.; Ben Jannet, H.; Bouajila, J. Biological Activities of Novel Oleanolic Acid Derivatives from Bioconversion and Semi-Synthesis. Molecules 2024, 29, 3091. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29133091

AMA Style

Triaa N, Znati M, Ben Jannet H, Bouajila J. Biological Activities of Novel Oleanolic Acid Derivatives from Bioconversion and Semi-Synthesis. Molecules. 2024; 29(13):3091. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29133091

Chicago/Turabian Style

Triaa, Nahla, Mansour Znati, Hichem Ben Jannet, and Jalloul Bouajila. 2024. "Biological Activities of Novel Oleanolic Acid Derivatives from Bioconversion and Semi-Synthesis" Molecules 29, no. 13: 3091. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29133091

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