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Article

Oxysulfonylation of Alkynes with Sodium Sulfinates to Access β-Keto Sulfones Catalyzed by BF3·OEt2

by
Shi-Wei Yu
,
Zu-Jia Chen
,
Huan-Qing Li
,
Wen-Xi Li
,
Yun Li
,
Zong Li
and
Zhao-Yang Wang
*
School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, GDMPA Key Laboratory for Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Chiral Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2024, 29(15), 3559; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29153559
Submission received: 11 July 2024 / Revised: 26 July 2024 / Accepted: 26 July 2024 / Published: 28 July 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organosulfur and Organoselenium Chemistry)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
An efficient and operationally simple method for the synthesis of β-keto sulfones through the BF3·OEt2-promoted reaction of alkynes and sodium sulfinates is developed. With its facile and selective access to the targets, it features good functional group compatibility, mild conditions, easily available starting materials, and good yields. Notably, the reaction does not require metal catalysts or chemical reagents with pungent odors.

1. Introduction

Sulfone compounds are of considerable importance in synthetic and medicinal chemistry [1,2]. For example, the introduction of sulfonyl groups into medicines can substantially influence their polarity, acidity, aqueous solubility, and other properties [3,4], so the efficient synthesis of sulfone compounds has attracted extensive attention recently [5,6]. Among them, β-keto sulfone as a kind of unique sulfone compound has been extensively used in biomedicine, such as for anti-schistosomal, anti-analgesic, and antibacterial effects (Figure 1) [7,8,9]. At the same time, it can also be used as a synthon and is widely used in synthetic chemistry [10,11,12].
Traditionally, β-keto sulfones can be synthesized through the nucleophilic alkylation of sodium sulfinates with acyl halides [13]. In recent years, with the rise of green synthetic chemistry and the development of various sulfur reagents [14,15,16,17], the coupling reaction of unsaturated bonds (e.g., alkynes) and sulfur reagents has gradually become the main way to synthesize β-keto sulfones [18,19,20]. Among them, being bench-stable, commercially or readily available, and easy to handle [21,22], sodium sulfinates/sulfinic acid is widely used in the synthesis of β-keto sulfones [23,24,25,26].
For instance, Lei’s group [27] reported the oxysulfonylation of terminal alkynes with sulfinic acids catalyzed by pyridine (Scheme 1a). Afterward, Kumar’s group [28] also reported a similar reaction (Scheme 1b). Recently, Sun’s group [29] reported the oxysulfonylation of arylpropiolic acids and sodium sulfnates to generate β-keto sulfones using only hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) as a solvent and oxygen as a green oxidant (Scheme 1c).
On the other hand, BF3·OEt2 exhibits strong Lewis acidity [30,31], and its excellent catalytic activity is widely used in various organic synthesis reactions [32,33]. In our previous work [34], we reported a BF3·OEt2-mediated difunctionalization reaction of sodium sulfinates and alkynes to obtain β-sulfinyl alkenylsulfone (Scheme 2b). In fact, during the condition optimization for the above-mentioned work, we also unexpectedly found that if the amount of BF3·OEt2 was below 1.0 equiv., the main product changed from β-sulfinyl alkenylsulfones to β-keto sulfones.
Molecules 29 03559 sch002
Scheme 2. Serial synthesis reactions of sodium sulfinates catalyzed by BF3·OEt2 [34,35].
Scheme 2. Serial synthesis reactions of sodium sulfinates catalyzed by BF3·OEt2 [34,35].
Molecules 29 03559 sch002
In view of this, based on our previous research on C-S bond construction [21,36], especially the sodium sulfinate reaction with BF3·OEt2 as a catalyst [34,35], herein, we hope to report a new reaction under air atmosphere to efficiently obtain β-keto sulfones via the radical pathway (Scheme 2c). This reaction is designed to synthesize β-keto sulfones without any metal catalysts and does not require the use of chemical reagents with irritating odors such as pyridine and acetic acid. Therefore, this method is more gentle and greener and its successful development is also conducive to expanding the application of BF3·OEt2 as a catalyst. In particular, the regulation and control through this organosulfur reagent and BF3·OEt2 catalyst under different reaction conditions can synthesize different products, such as thiosulfonates, β-sulfinyl alkenylsulfones, and β-keto sulfones. Thus, this strategy is of great significance in the fields of organic sulfur chemistry, BF3 chemistry, and alkyne conversion.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Optimization of Reaction Conditions

We attempted the reaction of phenylacetylene (1a) and sodium p-tolylsulfinate (2a) as a model in dichloromethane (DCM) to systematically investigate the influences of different factors to optimize the best conditions. The results are summarized in Table 1.
Initially, we examined the reaction time (Entries 1–3). When the reaction time increased to 6 h, there was no improvement. When the reaction time was shortened, the yield decreased sharply.
In addition, lowering or increasing the reaction temperature did not increase the yield (Entries 4–5 vs. Entry 1).
Similarly, we also examined the amount of BF3·OEt2 used. It was found that increasing or decreasing the amount of Lewis acid did not further increase the yield (Entries 6–7 vs. Entry 1).
At the same time, the effect of solvents on the model reaction was investigated (Entries 1, 8–22). It was found that the solvent plays a significant role in the success of this reaction. Among different solvents, e.g., ethyl acetate (EA), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), using 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) as the solvent was more favorable to the formation of 3a (Entry 8 vs. Entry 1). Therefore, we decided to choose DCE as the best solvent.
Furthermore, we investigated the ratio of reactants 1a and 2a. When the ratio of 1a:2a was 1:2.4, the best effect was achieved (Entry 8 vs. Entries 23–24).
Thus, the optimized reaction conditions were identified as using 1a (0.3 mmol), 2a (0.72 mmol), and BF3·OEt2 (0.15 mmol) as the catalyst and 4.0 mL of DCE as the solvent at room temperature (rt) for 4 h.

2.2. Scope of Substrates

Under the optimized conditions, a range of alkynes 1 and sodium sulfinates 2 were applied in the transformation to establish the scope and generality of this reaction.
We first investigated various alkyne substrates 1 to explore the scope of this reaction (Table 2).
Pleasingly, many arylalkynes 1 bearing electron-donating substituents (e.g., methyl, ethyl, and tert-butyl) at the para-position of the aryl group were successfully employed with moderate yields (3a-3d, 50–63%). For other substituents, e.g., halogen, there was a slight decrease in the yield of the desired product (3e-3g, 38–51%). In particular, when the strong electron-withdrawing groups (e.g., -CF3, -NO2) were bearing in 1, the yield decreased further (3h-3i, 32–35%).
In the next step, the effect of different positions of the arylalkyne ring on the yield was investigated. Due to the steric effect, for the same substituent group, when it was a meta-substituted group in the arylalkyne substrate 1, the yield was lower than that of the para-substituted group, such as 3b (58%) vs. 3j (50%), 3f (48%) vs. 3l (42%), and 3g (51%) vs. 3m (47%).
As anticipated, when the arylalkyne substrate 1 was bearing ortho-substituted, the yield was further reduced, such as 3b (58%) vs. 3j (50%) vs. 3n (40%), and 3k (55%) vs. 3o (49%). Furthermore, polycyclic substituted alkynes 1 also can be transformed into the corresponding products (e.g., 3p, 46%).
Importantly, the scope of sodium arylsulfinate substrates 2 was also examined. The results are also summarized in Table 2. Obviously, the substituted 2 was able to react with 1a to produce the corresponding products with moderate yields (3q-3t, 51–67%). Among them, the substrate 2 containing electron-donating groups performed better than those with electron-withdrawing groups, such as 3r (67%) vs. 3a (56%) vs. 3q (51%) vs. 3s (50%), and 3c (63%) vs. 3t (62%).

2.3. Structural Characterization Analysis

From the 1H NMR spectra of the target compounds, it can be seen that the 1H NMR data of the twenty compounds 3a-3t are consistent with the simulated data of the hydrogen atom in the target products. For example, the 1H NMR spectra of the synthesized compounds 3a-3t show that there was a single peak with the integration of two units near 4.72 ppm, which was a characteristic peak caused by methylene hydrogen in the structure of the target products.
At the same time, in the 13C NMR spectra, the single peak of the chemical shift value near 64.0 ppm was also a characteristic peak of methylene carbon. In addition, regardless of whether the product contains one fluorine atom or trifluoromethyl group, the corresponding chemical shift can be found in 19F NMR, as anticipated.
In a word, these test results indicate that the characterization results of NMR are consistent with expectations. The tested data of the synthesized compounds 3a-3t, including the data of the melting point (m.p.), are also consistent with data in the references reported before [17,19,23,25].
Although NMR tests have proven that compounds 3a-3t have the expected structure, in order to further determine the structure of the product, we also conducted single-crystal cultivation of compound 3a. Its crystal resolution data are shown in Table 3, successfully affirming that 3a does have the expected structure [37].
Accordingly, the X-ray single-crystal diffraction results of compound 3a in Figure 2 indicate that the molecule contains two benzene rings, which are connected to a carbonyl group and a sulfonyl group, respectively. Moreover, the carbonyl and sulfonyl groups are connected by a methylene group. Thus, the structure of compound 3a can also be aptly confirmed through the single crystal structure.
On the other hand, the molecular weights of these radicals in control experiments were obtained by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS), and the error between the tested value and the calculated value was within a reasonable range.

2.4. Mechanism Investigation

In order to understand the reaction mechanism, some control experiments were carried out. The results are shown in Scheme 3.
Initially, once 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) as a free radical scavenger was added under the standard reaction conditions, the formation of 3a was obviously suppressed (Scheme 3a). Importantly, the capture of the sulfonyl radical by TEMPO could be detected by HR-MS (Figure S2), indicating that a free radical pathway may be involved in this process.
Similarly, when using 1,1-diphenylethylene as a free radical scavenger, there was no normal reaction for the formation of 3a (Scheme 3b), and the capture of the sulfonyl radical by 1,1-diphenylethylene was also confirmed by HR-MS. In Figure 3, it can be seen that the theoretical calculated value of [M+H]+ of intermediates is 335.1100, and the actual test value is 335.1096 with an error value of 0.0004, which is indeed within the reasonable range. This also indicates that there is a free radical pathway.
What is more, the control experiment also implies that Lewis acid BF3·OEt2 could be essential for this reaction (Scheme 3c).
At the same time, in order to determine the source of the carboxyl oxygen atom in compound 3, an experiment in an oxygen-free atmosphere was investigated. When the reaction was carried out in a N2 atmosphere, the target product could not be obtained (Scheme 3d). This result shows that O2 in the air may be the source of the carboxyl oxygen atom in the product [28].
Furthermore, when the reaction was carried out under standard conditions, β-sulfinyl alkenylsulfone and thiosulfonate were easily observed by TLC (Scheme 3e), which may be the byproducts of the reaction.
Thus, on the basis of the above control experiments and the previously reported studies [14,16,23,25,27,28,29,34,35,38,39], a possible reaction pathway is proposed as Scheme 4.
Firstly, BF3·H2O is produced in situ from BF3·OEt2 in the case of a trace amount of water [34,35]. Then, BF3·H2O reacts with sodium sulfinate 2, giving sulfinic acid A and Na[BF3OH]. Subsequently, sulfinyl sulfone B is generated from sulfinic acid A, and it is easy to produce sulfonyl radical I and sulfinyl radical II from intermediate B under heating conditions [38,39].
Secondly, sulfonyl radical I is added to alkyne 1 to give intermediate C [14,23], which is then trapped by oxygen to generate intermediate D [25]. Finally, intermediate D forms intermediate E [16] via the hydrogen ion and radical II, while causing radical II to generate free radical I. Intermediate E is prone to tautomerism [27,28,29], giving product 3 (Scheme 4).
Considering the preliminary experimental results (Scheme 2a and 2b) [34,35], we speculate that the amount of BF3·OEt2 determines the amount of sodium sulfite involved in the reaction and less BF3·OEt2 is beneficial to the reaction of less sodium sulfite (Scheme 2c). At the same time, the reaction atmosphere [35] and the presence [34] or absence [35] of acetylene substrate determine which radicals are easier to generate and react. This is why different products can be produced in similar BF3·OEt2 catalytic systems (Scheme 2).
In addition, as shown in Scheme 5, sulfinyl radicals II are extremely unstable in an air atmosphere and are prone to disproportionation to form sulfonyl radicals I and thiyl radicals III [40,41], which easily couple to form thiosulfonates F (Minor path a from intermediate II) [42,43]. Similarly, a small amount of β-sulfinyl alkenylsulfones G (Minor path b from intermediate II) [34] as a by-product can also be observed, which may be caused by the incomplete disproportionation of sulfinyl radicals [44].

2.5. Gram-scale Reaction

Considering that there is a wide application of β-keto sulfones in organic synthesis and biomedicine [45], in order to demonstrate the practicability of this reaction, further gram-scale research was carried out by selecting the synthesis of the target compound 3c as an example (Scheme 6).
Obviously, the gram-scale synthesis of 3c is satisfactory. With the increase in the amount of reactant 1c from 0.3 to 6.0 mmol, the yield of 3c is only slightly decreased (60% vs. 63%), and the target compound 3c can be smoothly synthesized in gram-scale with a good yield.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General Information

1H and 13C NMR spectra were collected on an AVANCE NEO-600 in CDCl3 using tetramethylsilane (TMS) as an internal standard. Mass spectra were recorded on a Thermo Scientific ISQ gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. High-resolution mass spectra (HR-MS) were obtained with a MAT 95XP mass spectrometer. The melting point (m.p.) was measured with a WRS-1B melting point instrument. Single-crystal X-ray analysis was performed using Agilent Gemini E. Reactions were monitored using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and visualized with a UV light at 254 nm.
All reagents and solvents were purchased from commercial sources and used without further purification.

3.2. Experimental Procedure for Sodium Sulfinates 2

Different sodium sulfinates 2 were synthesized as Scheme 7 according to the procedure in the literature [22,26,46].
According to the literature [22,26,46], the mixture of arylsulfonyl chloride (10 mmol), sodium sulfite 2 (20 mmol), and sodium bicarbonate (20 mmol) in H2O (15 mL) was stirred at 80 °C for 4 h. Water was removed by a rotary evaporator. Then, the remaining solid was extracted and recrystallized by ethanol to obtain the required compound 2.

3.3. Experimental Procedure for Compounds 3a-3t

As shown in Scheme 8, the mixture of alkyne compound 1 (0.30 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), sodium sulfinate 2 (0.72 mmol, 2.4 equiv.), and BF3·OEt2 (0.15 mmol, 0.5 equiv.) in DCE (4 mL) under an air atmosphere was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. After the completion of the reaction, ethyl acetate (EA) (15 mL) was poured into the reaction mixture. The organic layers were extracted with a saturated sodium chloride solution (3 × 15 mL). Then, the organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. Finally, after the filtration and evaporation of the solvents under reduced pressure, the crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel to afford the desired product 3.

3.4. Characterization Data for All Products 3a-3t

The structures of the serial compounds 3a-3t were systematically characterized via NMR, m.p., etc., and the corresponding data are summarized as follows:
(1) 1-Phenyl-2-tosylethan-1-one (3a), white solid (43.0 mg, 56%); m.p.: 106–108 °C (103–105 °C [23]); 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 2.44 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.72 (s, 2H, CH2), 7.33 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.46–7.49 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.61 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.76 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.94 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 21.9, 63.8, 128.8, 129.0, 129.5, 130.0, 134.5, 135.8, 135.9, 145.5, 188.3.
(2) 1-(p-Tolyl)-2-tosylethan-1-one (3b), white solid (50.1 mg, 58%); m.p.: 109–111 °C (119–121 °C [47]); 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 2.42 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.44 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.69 (s, 2H, CH2), 7.27 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.33 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.75 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.85 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 21.9, 21.9, 63.7, 128.7, 129.6, 129.7, 129.9, 133.5, 135.9, 145.4, 145.7, 187.8.
(3) 1-(4-Ethylphenyl)-2-tosylethan-1-one (3c), white solid (57.1 mg, 63%); m.p.: 95–97 °C (84% [48]); 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 1.26 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H, CH3), 2.44 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.72 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H, CH2), 4.69 (s, 2H, CH2), 7.30 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.33 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.76 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.87 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 15.2, 21.8, 29.2, 63.7, 128.5, 129.7, 129.7, 129.9, 133.7, 135.9, 145.4, 151.8, 187.8.
(4) 1-(4-(tert-Butyl)phenyl)-2-tosylethan-1-one (3d), white solid (49.5 mg, 50%); m.p.: 93–94 °C (95–97 °C [49]); 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 1.34 (s, 9H, CH3), 2.43 (s, 3H CH3), 4.69 (s, 2H, CH2), 7.32 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.48 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.76 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.88 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 21.8, 31.1, 35.4, 63.6, 126.0, 128.7, 129.5, 129.9, 133.4, 135.9, 145.4, 158.5, 187.8.
(5) 1-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2-tosylethan-1-one (3e), white solid (33.3 mg, 38%); m.p.: 134–135 °C (125–127 °C [47]); 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 2.45 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.68 (s, 2H CH2), 7.14–7.17 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.34 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.75 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.99–8.01 (m, 2H, ArH); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 21.9, 63.9, 116.2 (d, J = 22.5 Hz) 128.7, 130.0, 132.3, 132.4 (d, J = 10.5 Hz), 135.7, 145.7, 166.6 (d, J = 256.5 Hz), 186.7; 19F NMR (564 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: -102.4.
(6) 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-tosylethan-1-one (3f), white solid (44.4 mg, 48%); m.p.: 132–134 °C (138–139 °C [46]); 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 2.45 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.68 (s, 2H, CH2), 7.34 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.46 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.74 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.90 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 21.9, 63.9, 128.7, 129.3, 130.0, 130.9, 134.2, 135.7, 141.2, 145.7, 187.2.
(7) 1-(4-Bromophenyl)-2-tosylethan-1-one (3g), white solid (53.9 mg, 51%); m.p.: 140–141 °C (143–145 °C [23]); 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 2.45 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.67 (s, 2H, CH2), 7.34 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.63 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.74 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.82 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H, ArH); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 21.9, 63.9, 128.7, 130.0, 130.1, 131.0, 132.4, 134.6, 135.7, 145.7, 187.4.
(8) 1-(4-Nitrophenyl)-2-tosylethan-1-one (3h), white solid (30.6 mg, 32%); m.p.: 140–142 °C (145–147 °C [19]); 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 2.47 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.75 (s, 2H, CH2), 7.37 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.74 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 8.15 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H, ArH), 8.33 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H, ArH); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 21.9, 64.3, 124.1, 128.7, 130.2, 130.7, 135.5, 140.1, 146.1, 151.0, 187.1.
(9) 2-Tosyl-1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)ethan-1-one (3i), white solid (35.9 mg, 35%); m.p.: 134–136 °C (129–131 °C [23]); 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 2.45 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.73 (s, 2H, CH2), 7.34 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.73–7.76 (m, 4H, ArH), 8.07 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 21.9, 64.0, 123.5 (q, J = 271.5 Hz), 126.0 (q, J = 4.5 Hz128.7, 129.9, 130.1, 135.5 (q, J = 33.0 Hz), 135.6, 138.4, 145.9, 187.6; 19F NMR (564 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: -63.3.
(10) 1-(m-Tolyl)-2-tosylethan-1-one (3j), white solid (43.2 mg, 50%); m.p.: 97–98 °C (97–99 °C [47]); 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 2.40 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.44 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.70 (s, 2H, CH2), 7.33 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.35–7.38 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.42 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.71 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.74 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.76 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 21.4, 21.9, 63.7, 126.8, 128.8, 128.9, 129.8, 129.9, 135.3, 136.0, 138.9, 145.5, 188.4.
(11) 1-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-2-tosylethan-1-one (3k), colorless oil (50.2 mg, 55%) ( 54% [47]); 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 2.44 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.84 (s, 3H, OCH3), 4.70 (s, 2H, CH2), 7.16 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.34 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.37–7.40 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.43 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.52 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.77 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 21.9, 55.6, 63.8, 113.1, 121.3, 122.3, 128.8, 130.0, 135.9, 137.2, 145.5, 160.1, 188.4.
(12) 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-tosylethan-1-one (3l), white solid (38.8 mg, 42%); m.p.: 71–73 °C (71–73 °C [47]); 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 2.45 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.68 (s, 2H, CH2), 7.34 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.42–7.46 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.58 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.75 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.84–7.86 (m, 2H, ArH); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 21.9, 63.9, 127.7, 128.7, 129.3, 130.1, 130.3, 134.4, 135.4, 135.7, 137.4, 145.8, 187.2.
(13) 1-(3-Bromophenyl)-2-tosylethan-1-one (3m), white solid (49.6 mg, 47%); m.p.: 140–142 °C (140–141 °C [50]); 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 2.45 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.68 (s, 2H, CH2), 7.34 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.36–7.39 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.72–7.75 (m, 3H, ArH), 7.89 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H, ArH), 8.00 (s, 1H, ArH); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 21.9, 63.8, 123.3, 128.2, 128.7, 130.1, 130.5, 132.2, 135.6, 137.3, 137.5, 145.8, 187.1.
(14) 1-(o-Tolyl)-2-tosylethan-1-one (3n), white solid (34.6 mg, 40%); m.p.: 99–101 °C (95–97 °C [51]); 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 2.43 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.44 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.69 (s, 2H, CH2), 7.24–7.26 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.28 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.33 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.41–7.43 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.73 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.75 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 21.7, 21.9, 65.7, 126.0, 128.6, 130.0, 130.6, 132.4, 132.9, 135.8, 136.1, 140.2, 145.4, 190.6.
(15) 1-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-2-tosylethan-1-one (3o), white solid (44.7 mg, 49%); m.p.: 124–126 °C (128–130 °C [51]); 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 2.42 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.88 (s, 3H, OCH3), 4.92 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.90 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H, ArH), 6.97–7.00 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.29 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.47–7.50 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.65 (d, 1H, J = 7.8 Hz, ArH), 7.74 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 21.7, 55.7, 67.5, 111.7, 121.0, 126.3, 128.5, 129.5, 131.3, 135.2, 136.7, 144.8, 159.0, 189.2.
(16) 1-(Naphthalen-2-yl)-2-tosylethan-1-one (3p), white solid (44.7 mg, 46%); m.p.: 150–151 °C (150–152 °C [17]); 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 2.43 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.86 (s, 2H, CH3), 7.34 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.59–7.62 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.65–7.68 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.80 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.90–7.93 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.98–8.00 (m, 2H, ArH), 8.48 (s, 1H, ArH); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 21.8, 64.0, 124.1, 127.3, 128.0, 128.8, 129.0, 129.5, 130.0, 130.1, 132.3, 132.4, 133.3, 135.8, 135.2, 145.6, 188.4
(17) 1-Phenyl-2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethan-1-one (3q), white solid (39.8 mg, 51%); m.p.: 86–88 °C (85–87 °C [23]); 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 4.74 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.46–7.49 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.53–7.56 (m, 2H, ArH-11,13), 7.62 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.66 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.90 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.93 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H, ArH); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 63.6, 128.7, 129.0, 129.3, 129.4, 134.4, 134.5, 135.8, 138.8, 188.1.
(18) 2-(4-Methoxypheny)sulfonyl)-1-phenylethan-1-one (3r), white solid (50.6 mg, 53%); m.p.: 100–102 °C (100–102 °C [25]); 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 3.86 (s, 3H, OCH3), 4.71 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.97 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.46–7.48 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.61 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.79 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.93 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H, ArH); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 55.8, 63.8, 114.5, 128.9, 129.4, 130.3, 131.0, 134.4, 135.9, 164.2, 188.4.
(19) 2-(4-Chlorophenylsulfonyl)-1-phenylethan-1-one (3s), white solid (44.1 mg, 50%); m.p.: 131–132 °C (132–134 °C [17]); 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 4.74 (s, 2H, CH2), 7.48–7.51 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.52 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.64 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.83 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.94 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H, ArH); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 63.5, 129.1, 129.4, 129.7, 130.3, 134.7, 135.7, 137.2, 141.3, 188.0.
(20) 1-(4-Ethylphenyl)-2-phenylsulfonylethan-1-one (3t), white solid (53.6 mg, 62%); m.p.: 128–129 °C (127–129 °C [25]); 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 1.25 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 3H, CH3), 2.71 (q, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H, CH2), 4.72 (s, 2H, CH2), 7.29 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, ArH), 7.52–7.55 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.65 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.86 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.89 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H, ArH); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 15.1, 29.1, 63.5, 128.5, 128.7, 129.3, 129.7, 133.6, 134.3, 138.9, 151.8, 187.6.
The detailed 1H, 13C, and 19F NMR spectra for all compounds 3a-3t are provided in the Supplementary Materials.

4. Conclusions

In summary, we successfully found a BF3·OEt2-mediated oxysulfonylation reaction of sodium sulfinates and alkynes. The reaction does not need any metal catalysts, and the simple and mild conditions make it a convenient procedure for the synthesis of β-keto sulfones. A possible radical mechanism was also proposed on the basis of control studies. Importantly, this reaction uses oxygen in the air as an oxidant and does not need to use chemical reagents with pungent odors such as pyridine and acetic acid. It meets the requirements of the development of green chemistry.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/molecules29153559/s1, and contains the 1H, 13C, and 19F NMR spectra for all compounds 3a-3t.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Z.-Y.W.; methodology, S.-W.Y. and Z.-J.C.; formal analysis, S.-W.Y. and H.-Q.L.; data curation, Y.L. and W.-X.L.; writing—original draft preparation, S.-W.Y.; writing—review and editing, S.-W.Y., Z.L. and Z.-Y.W.; project administration, Z.-Y.W.; funding acquisition, Z.-Y.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (no. 2021A1515012342).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

All data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper and within its Supplementary Materials published online.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Molecules 29 03559 g001
Figure 1. Some bioactive β-keto sulfone derivatives.
Figure 1. Some bioactive β-keto sulfone derivatives.
Molecules 29 03559 g001
Molecules 29 03559 sch001
Scheme 1. Examples of access to β-keto sulfones starting from sodium sulfinates or sulfinic acids [27,28,29].
Scheme 1. Examples of access to β-keto sulfones starting from sodium sulfinates or sulfinic acids [27,28,29].
Molecules 29 03559 sch001
Molecules 29 03559 g002
Figure 2. The crystal structure of 3a (CCDC: 2367445).
Figure 2. The crystal structure of 3a (CCDC: 2367445).
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Molecules 29 03559 sch003
Scheme 3. Control experiments.
Scheme 3. Control experiments.
Molecules 29 03559 sch003
Molecules 29 03559 g003
Figure 3. The HR-MS of the capture of sulfonyl radical by scavenger 1,1-diphenylethylene in the control experiment.
Figure 3. The HR-MS of the capture of sulfonyl radical by scavenger 1,1-diphenylethylene in the control experiment.
Molecules 29 03559 g003
Molecules 29 03559 sch004
Scheme 4. Proposed mechanism.
Scheme 4. Proposed mechanism.
Molecules 29 03559 sch004
Molecules 29 03559 sch005
Scheme 5. Proposed mechanism for the by-products.
Scheme 5. Proposed mechanism for the by-products.
Molecules 29 03559 sch005
Molecules 29 03559 sch006
Scheme 6. Gram-scale reaction of 3c.
Scheme 6. Gram-scale reaction of 3c.
Molecules 29 03559 sch006
Molecules 29 03559 sch007
Scheme 7. Synthesis route of different sodium sulfinates 2.
Scheme 7. Synthesis route of different sodium sulfinates 2.
Molecules 29 03559 sch007
Molecules 29 03559 sch008
Scheme 8. Synthesis route for Compounds 3a-3t.
Scheme 8. Synthesis route for Compounds 3a-3t.
Molecules 29 03559 sch008
Table 1. Optimization of reaction conditions [a].
Table 1. Optimization of reaction conditions [a].
Molecules 29 03559 i001
EntryAcid (equiv.)1a:2aTemp. (°C)Time (h)SolventYield (%) [b]
1BF3·OEt2 (0.5)1:2.4rt4DCM38
2BF3·OEt2 (0.5)1:2.4rt6DCM33
3BF3·OEt2 (0.5)1:2.4rt2DCM15
4BF3·OEt2 (0.5)1:2.4404DCM32
5BF3·OEt2 (0.5)1:2.404DCMTrace
6BF3·OEt2 (0.25)1:2.4rt4DCM22
7BF3·OEt2 (0.75)1:2.4rt4DCM27
8BF3·OEt2 (0.5)1:2.4rt4DCE56
9BF3·OEt2 (0.5)1:2.4rt4EA24
10BF3·OEt2 (0.5)1:2.4rt4DMSO N.D. [c]
11BF3·OEt2 (0.5)1:2.4rt4CH3OHN.D.
12BF3·OEt2 (0.5)1:2.4rt4C2H5OHN.D.
13BF3·OEt2 (0.5)1:2.4rt4THFN.D.
14BF3·OEt2 (0.5)1:2.4rt4CH3CN18
15BF3·OEt2 (0.5)1:2.4rt4TolueneN.D.
16BF3·OEt2 (0.5)1:2.4rt4AcetoneN.D.
17BF3·OEt2 (0.5)1:2.4rt4DMFN.D.
18BF3·OEt2 (0.5)1:2.4rt4AcOHN.D.
19BF3·OEt2 (0.5)1:2.4rt41,4-DioxaneN.D.
20BF3·OEt2 (0.5)1:2.4rt4CHCl312
21BF3·OEt2 (0.5)1:2.4rt4Ethyl etherN.D.
22BF3·OEt2 (0.5)1:2.4rt4DimethoxyethaneN.D.
23BF3·OEt2 (0.5)1:2.0rt4DCE43
24BF3·OEt2 (0.5)1:2.8rt4DCE42
[a] Reaction conditions: Usually, 1a (0.3 mmol), 2a (0.72 mmol), BF3∙OEt2 (0.15 mmol), and DCE (4 mL) at room temperature (rt) for 4 h under air atmosphere. [b] Isolated yield. [c] N.D. = Not Detected.
Table 2. Substrate scope of various alkyne compounds 1 sodium sulfinates 2 [a, b].
Table 2. Substrate scope of various alkyne compounds 1 sodium sulfinates 2 [a, b].
Molecules 29 03559 i002
Molecules 29 03559 i003
[a] Reaction conditions: Usually, 1 (0.30 mmol), 2 (0.72 mmol), BF3·OEt2 (0.15 mmol), and DCE (4 mL) were added and stirred at room temperature (rt) for 4 h. [b] Isolated yield.
Table 3. X-ray crystal data and structure refinement for compound 3a.
Table 3. X-ray crystal data and structure refinement for compound 3a.
Compound3a
Empirical formulaC15H14O3S
Formula weight274.32
Temperature (K)297
Wavelength (Å)0.71073
Crystal systemmonoclinic
Space groupP21/n
Unit cell dimensions (Å, °)a = 7.7540(5), b = 11.5019(8), c = 15.3137(10)
α = 90, β = 98.746(7), γ = 90
Volume (Å3)1349.88(16)
Z4
Density (calculated) (g/cm3)1.350
Absorption coefficient (mm−1)0.240
F(000)576.0
Theta range for data collection2.691 to 29.072
Index ranges−10 ≤ h ≤ 10, −15 ≤ k ≤ 13, −20 ≤ l ≤ 20
Reflections collected6338
Independent reflections3117 [R(int) = 0.0218, R(sigma) = 0.0379]
Completeness to theta = 29.072°86.4 %
Absorption correctionMulti-Scan
Max. and min. transmission1.000 and 0.885
Refinement methodLeast Squares minimisation
Data / restraints / parameters3117 / 0 / 173
Goodness-of-fit on F21.027
Final R indices [I>2sigma(I)]R1 = 0.0489, wR2 = 0.1141
R indices (all data)R1 = 0.0668, wR2 = 0.1229
Largest diff. peak and hole0.26 and −0.26 e.Å-3
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MDPI and ACS Style

Yu, S.-W.; Chen, Z.-J.; Li, H.-Q.; Li, W.-X.; Li, Y.; Li, Z.; Wang, Z.-Y. Oxysulfonylation of Alkynes with Sodium Sulfinates to Access β-Keto Sulfones Catalyzed by BF3·OEt2. Molecules 2024, 29, 3559. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29153559

AMA Style

Yu S-W, Chen Z-J, Li H-Q, Li W-X, Li Y, Li Z, Wang Z-Y. Oxysulfonylation of Alkynes with Sodium Sulfinates to Access β-Keto Sulfones Catalyzed by BF3·OEt2. Molecules. 2024; 29(15):3559. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29153559

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yu, Shi-Wei, Zu-Jia Chen, Huan-Qing Li, Wen-Xi Li, Yun Li, Zong Li, and Zhao-Yang Wang. 2024. "Oxysulfonylation of Alkynes with Sodium Sulfinates to Access β-Keto Sulfones Catalyzed by BF3·OEt2" Molecules 29, no. 15: 3559. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29153559

APA Style

Yu, S. -W., Chen, Z. -J., Li, H. -Q., Li, W. -X., Li, Y., Li, Z., & Wang, Z. -Y. (2024). Oxysulfonylation of Alkynes with Sodium Sulfinates to Access β-Keto Sulfones Catalyzed by BF3·OEt2. Molecules, 29(15), 3559. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29153559

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