Progress on the Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Structure–Efficacy Relationship of Polysaccharides from Medical and Edible Homologous Traditional Chinese Medicines
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism of MEHTCMPs
2.1. Toll-like Receptor Signaling Pathways
2.2. MAPK Signaling Pathway
2.2.1. P38-NF-κB Signaling Pathway
2.2.2. JNK-NF-κB Signaling Pathway
2.2.3. ERK-NF-κB Signaling Pathway
2.3. The NLRP3 Signaling Pathway
2.4. The PI3K-AKT Signaling Pathway
2.4.1. PI3K-AKT-GSK3β
2.4.2. PI3K-AKT-mTOR
2.5. PPAR Signaling Pathway
2.6. Nrf2-HO-1 Signaling Pathway
2.7. JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway
2.8. Regulation of the Intestinal Flora
3. Relationship between the Structures and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of MEHTCMPs
3.1. Primary Structure
3.1.1. Molecular Weight
3.1.2. Composition and Proportion of Monosaccharides
3.1.3. Glycosidic Bonds
3.2. Advanced Structure
3.3. Structural Modification
3.3.1. Selenization
3.3.2. Carboxymethylation
3.3.3. Sulfation
3.3.4. Complexation with Metal Ions
Source | Compound Name | Structural Modification | Effects | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Glycyrrhiza uralensis | Se-GPS | Selenization | TNF-α ↓, IL-1β ↓ | [191] |
Astragalus membranaceus | sAPS3 | Selenization | TNF-α ↓, IL-1β ↓ | [130] |
Eucommia ulmoides | EUP-SeNP | Selenization | IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓, IL-12 ↓, IL-17 ↓, TNF-α ↓, P-IκB/IκB ↓, p-p65/p65 ↓, TLR-4 ↓, IL-10 ↑ | [192] |
Angelica sinensis | sCAP | Selenization | TP ↑, SOD ↑, T-AOC ↓, ALT ↓, AST ↓, ALP ↓, MDA ↓, ROS ↓, p-ERK ↓, p-JNK ↓, p-p38 ↓ | [140] |
Poria cocos | CMP33 | Carboxymethylation | NO ↓, IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓, TNF-α ↓ | [148] |
Pseudocydonia sinensis | CSP | Carboxymethylation | TNF-α ↓, IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓ | [178] |
Ganoderma lucidum | CM-GLP | Carboxymethylation | NF-κB ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-1 ↓, IL-6 ↓ | [134] |
Astragalus membranaceus | SAPS | Sulfation | TNF-α ↓, IL-1β ↓, IL-8 ↓, TLR4 | [131] |
Laminaria japonica | SLJP1 | Sulfation | TNF-α ↓, IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓, PPAR-γ ↓ | [201,202] |
Laminaria japonica | SLJP2 | Sulfation | TNF-α ↓, IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓, PPAR-γ ↓ | [201,202] |
Laminaria japonica | SLJP3 | Sulfation | TNF-α ↓, IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓, PPAR-γ ↓ | [201,202] |
Ganoderma lucidum | SGRP | Sulfation | TNF-α ↓, IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓, TLR4 ↓, NF-κB ↓ | [132] |
Ganoderma lucidum | GLP | Sulfation | NO ↓ | [135] |
ginger | GP-Zn(II) | Introduce Zn | IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓, IL-8 ↓, IL-12 ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-10 ↑ | [179] |
Laminarin | LP-SR | Introduce SR | IL-6 ↓ | [206] |
Eucommia ulmoides | EUP-Sr | Introduce SR | IL-1β ↓ | [207] |
4. Conclusions and Future Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Glc | Glucose |
Gal | Galactose |
Rha | Rhamnose |
Ara | Arabinose |
Man | Mannose |
GalA | Galacturonic acid |
Xyl | Xylose |
Rib | Ribose |
GlcA | Glucuronic acid |
Fuc | Fucuronic |
Fru | Fructose |
Idoa | Iduronic acid |
NF-κB | Nuclear factor-κB |
NLRP3 | Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing 3 |
TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor-α |
Caspase-1 | Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 |
IL-1β | Interleukin |
ERK | Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase |
JNK | c-Jun N-terminal kinase |
MAPK | Mitogen-activated protein kinase |
Bcl2 | B-cell lymphoma-2 |
Bax | bcl2-Associated X |
Nrf2 | Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 |
NQO-1 | NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase-1 |
HO-1 | Heme oxygenase-1 |
SOD | Superoxide dismutase |
Interleukin | (IL)-1β/4/6/10/12/B |
AP-1 | Activator protein-1 |
PYY | Peptide YY |
SCFAs | Short chain fatty acids |
ZO-1 | Zona occludens 1 |
GPR41/43 | G-protein-coupled receptor 41/43 |
TLR4 | Toll-like receptor 4 |
LPS | Lipopolysaccharide |
PPARs/PPARα/PPARγ | Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-s/α/γ |
PI3K | Phosphoinositide-3 kinase |
Akt | Protein kinase B |
GSK3β | Glycogen synthase kinase |
mTOR | Mammalian target of rapamycin |
JAK | Janus activated kinase |
STAT | Signal transducer and activator of transcription |
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Number | Chinese Name | English Name | Latin Name | Name of Family | Part Used |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Baibiandou | Semen Dolichoris Album | Dolichos lablab L. | Fabaceae | Mature seed |
2 | Baibiandouhua | Flower of Hyacinth Dolichos | Dolichos lablab L. | Fabaceae | Flower |
3 | Baiguo | ginkgo seed | Ginkgo biloba L | Ginkgoaceae | Mature seed |
4 | Baihe | lily | Lilium lancifolium Thunb. Lilium brownie F.E.Brown var.viridulum Baker Lilium pumilum DC. | Liliaceae | Fleshly scale leaf |
5 | Baimaogen | rhizoma imperatae | Imperata cylindrica Beauv.var. major (Nees) C.E.Hubb. | Poaceae Barnhart | Rhizome |
6 | Baizhi | angelica | Angelica dahurica (Fisch.ex Hoffm.) Benth.et Hook.f Angelica dahurica (Fisch.ex Hoffm.) Benth. et Hook.f.var.formosana (Boiss.) Shan et Yuan | Apiaceae | Root |
7 | Bajiaohuixiang | Anisi Stellati Fructus | Illicium verum Hook.f. | Magnoliaceae | Ripe fruit |
8 | Biba | long pepper | Piper longum L. | Piperaceae Giseke | Fruit/ripe ear |
9 | Bohe | mint | Mentha canadensis L. | Lamiaceae | Overground part |
10 | Buzhaye | leaf of paniculate microcos | Microcos paniculata L. | Tiliaceae | Leaf |
11 | Caoguo | Amomum tsao-ko | Amomum tsao-ko Crevost et Lemaire | zingiberaceae | Fruit |
12 | Chenpi | dried tangerine peel | Citrus reticulata Blanco | Rutaceae | Ripe peel |
13 | Chixiaodou | ricebean | Vigna umbellate (Thunb.) Ohwi & Ohashi | Fabaceae | Mature seed |
14 | Daidaihua | seville orange flower | Citrus aurantium L.var.amara Engl. | Rutaceae | Flower bud |
15 | Dandouchi | fermented soybean | Glycine max (L.) Merr. | Fabaceae | Mature seeds |
16 | Danggui | Angelica sinensis | Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels | Apiaceae | Root |
17 | Dangshen | Salvia miltiorrhiza | Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. | Campanulaceae | Root |
18 | Danzhuye | Lophatherum gracile | Lophatherum gracile Brongn. | Poaceae Barnhart | Stem leaf |
19 | Daodou | blade bean | Canavalia gladiate (Jacq.) DC | Fabaceae | Mature seed |
20 | Dingxiang | clove | Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb | Myrtaceae | Bud |
21 | Duzhongye | folium cortex eucommiae | Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. | Eucommiaceae | Leaf |
22 | Ejiao | donkey-hide gelatin | Equus asinus L. | Equidae | skin |
23 | Feizi | Chinese torreya | Torreya grandis Fort. | Taxaceae Gray | Mature seed |
24 | Fenge | Pueraria kudzu | Pueraria montana var. thomsonii (Benth.) Wiersema ex D. B. Ward | Fabaceae | Root |
25 | Fengmi | honey | Apis cerana Fabricius | Apoidea | Nectar, secreta |
26 | Foshou | fingered citron | Citrus medica L.var.sarcodactylis Swingle | Rutaceae | Fruit |
27 | Fuling | Poria cocos | Poria cocos(Schw.)Wolf | Polyporaceae | Sclerotium |
28 | Fupenzi | raspberry | Rubus chingii Hu | Rosaceae | Fruit |
29 | Gaoliangjiang | Alpinia officinarum | Alpinia officinarum Hance | zingiberaceae | Rhizom |
30 | Gegen | lobed Kudzuvine root | Puerariae Lobatae Radix | Fabaceae | Root |
31 | Gouqizi | Chinese wolfberry | Lycium chinense Miller | Solanaceae | Ripe fruit |
32 | Gancao | liquorice root | Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat. Glycyrrhiza glabra L | Fabaceae | Root/rhizome |
33 | Heihujiao | black pepper | Piper nigrum L. | Piperaceae Giseke | Near ripe/ripe fruit |
34 | Heizhima | Semen sesami nigrum | Sesamum indicum L | Pedaliaceae | Mature seed |
35 | Heye | lotus leaf | Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. | Nymphaeaceae | Leaf |
36 | Huaihua | Sophora flower | Sophora japonica Linn | Fabaceae | Flower |
37 | Huaimi | Sophora flower-bud | Sophora japonica Linn | Fabaceae | Flower bud |
38 | Huajiao | Sichuan pepper | Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. | Rutaceae | Ripe peel |
39 | Huangjiezi | yellow mustard | Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.et Coss | Brassicaceae | Mature seed |
40 | Huangjing | rhizoma polygonati | Polygonatum kingianum Coll.et Hemsl. Polygonatum sibiricum Red. Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua | Liliaceae | Rhizome |
41 | Huangqi | milk vetch root | Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge | Fabaceae | Root |
42 | Huomaren | Semen Cannabis | Cannabis sativa L. | Moraceae | Ripe fruit |
43 | Huoxiang | Agastache rugosus | Agastache rugosa (Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) Kuntze | Lamiaceae | Overground part |
44 | Jiang | ginger | Zingiber officinale Roscoe | zingiberaceae | Rhizom |
45 | Jianghuang | turmeric | Curcuma longa L. | zingiberaceae | Rhizome |
46 | Jiegeng | Platycodon grandiflorus | Platycodon grandifloras (Jacq.) A.DC. | Campanulaceae | Root |
47 | Jineijin | endothelium corneum gigeriae galli | Gallusgallusdomesticus Brisson | Phasianidae | Inner wall of gizzard |
48 | Jinyinhua | honeysuckle | Lonicera japonica Thunb. | Caprifoliaceae | Buds/budding Flowers |
49 | Juemingnzi | Cassia seed | Cassia obtusifolia L. Cassia tora L. | Fabaceae | Mature seed |
50 | Juhong | exocarpium | Citrus reticulata Blanco | Rutaceae | Outer peel |
51 | Juhua | chrysanthemum | Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat | Asteraceae | Capitulum |
52 | Juju | witloof | Cichorium intybus L. | Asteraceae | Anaerial part/root |
53 | Kunbu | kombucha | Ecklonia kurome Okam. Laminaria japonica Aresch. | Laminariaceae | Thallus |
54 | Laifuzi | radish seed | Raphanus sativus L. | Brassicaceae | Mature seed |
55 | Lianzi | lotus seed | Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. | Nymphaeaceae | Mature seed |
56 | Lingzhi | Ganoderma lucidum | Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst. | Polyporaceae | Fruiting body |
57 | Longyanrou | longan flesh | Dimocarpus lon.gan Lour. | Sapindaceae | Aril |
58 | Lugen | rhizoma phragmitis | Phragmites communis Trin. | Poaceae Barnhart | Rhizome |
59 | Luohanguo | Momordica grosvenori | Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) C. Jeffrey ex Lu et Z. Y. Zhang | Cucurbitaceae | Fruit |
60 | Machixian | purslane | Portulaca oleracea L | Portulacaceae | Overground part |
61 | Maiya | malt | Hordeum vulgare L. | Poaceae Barnhart | Ripe fruit |
62 | Meiguihua | rose | Rosa rugosa Thunb or Rose rugosa cv. Plena | Rosaceae | Flower bud |
63 | Mugua | pawpaw | Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai | Rosaceae | Near ripe fruit |
64 | Muli | oyster | Ostreidae | Ostreidae | Shell |
65 | Pangdahai | sterculia scaphigera | Sterculia lychnophora Hance | Sterculiaceae | Mature seed |
66 | Pugongying | dandelion | Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. | Asteraceae | Whole herb |
67 | Qianshi | Semen Euryales | Euryale ferox Salisb. ex Konig et Sims | Nymphaeaceae | Mature seed kernel |
68 | Qingguo | Chinese white olive | Canarium album Raeusch | Burseraceae | Ripe fruit |
69 | Qishe | long-noded pit viper | Agkistrodon acutus (Guenther) | Viperidae | Dried body |
70 | Renshen | ginseng | Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. | Araliaceae | Root/rhizome |
71 | Roucongrong | cistanche | Cistanche deserticola Ma | Orobanchaceae | Succulent stem |
72 | Roudoukou | myristica fragrans | Myristica fragrans Houtt. | Myristicaceae | Kernel/seed coat |
73 | Rougui | cinnamon | Cinnamomum cassia Presl | Lauraceae | Bark |
74 | Sangshen | mulberry | Morus alba L. | Moraceae | Ruit ear |
75 | Sangye | folium mori | Morus alba L. | Moraceae | Leaf |
76 | Shaji | sea-buckthorn | Hippophae rhamnoidese L. | Elaeagnaceae | Ripe fruit |
77 | Shannai | rhizoma kaempferiae | Kaempferia galanga L. | zingiberaceae | Rhizome |
78 | Shanyao | Chinese yam | Dioscorea opposita Thunb. | Dioscoreaceae | Rhizome |
79 | Shanyinhua | lonicerae flos | Lonicera macranthoides Hand.-Mazz | Caprifoliaceae | Buds/budding Flowers |
80 | Shanzha | hawthorn | Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.var.major N.E.Br. Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. | Rosaceae | Ripe fruit |
81 | Shanzhuyu | dogwood | Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc. | Cornaceae | Fruit |
82 | Sharen | fructus amomi | Amomum villosum Lour.var.xanthioides T.L.Wu et Senjen | zingiberaceae | Ripe fruit |
83 | Songhuafen | pollen pini | Pinus massoniana Lamb. | Pinaceae | Dried pollen |
84 | Suanzaoren | spina date seed | Ziziphus jujuba Mill.var.spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H.F.Chou | Rhamnaceae | Pulp/mature seeds |
85 | Taoren | peach kernel | Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Prunus davidiana (Carr.) Franch. | Rosaceae | Mature seed |
86 | Tianma | gastrodia elata | Gastrodia elata Bl. | Orchidaceae | Tuber |
87 | Tiepishihu | Dendrobium officinale | Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo | Orchidaceae | Stem |
88 | Wumei | black plum | Prunus mume (Sieb.) Sieb.et Zucc | Rosaceae | Near ripe fruit |
89 | Wushaoshe | zaocys dhumnade | Zaocys dhumnades | Colubridae | Dried body |
90 | Xiakucao | selfheal | Prunella vulgaris L. | Lamiaceae | Fruit ear |
91 | Xiangru | elsholtzia | Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyl. | Lamiaceae | Overground part |
92 | Xiangyuan | citron | Citrus medica L. | Rutaceae | Ripe fruit |
93 | Xiaohuixiang | fennel | Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | Apiaceae | Ripe fruit |
94 | Xiaoji | artichoke | Cirsium setosum (Willd.) MB. | Asteraceae | Overground part |
95 | Xiebai | allium macrostemon | Allium macrostemon Bunge | Liliaceae | Bulb |
96 | Xihonghua | stigma croci | Crocus sativus L | Iridaceae | Stigma |
97 | Xingren | almond | Prunus armeniaca L.var.ansu Maxim Prunus sibirica L. Prunus mandshurica (Maxim) Koehne Prunus armeniaca L. | Rosaceae | Mature seed |
98 | Xiyangshen | American ginseng | Panax quinquefoliu L. | Araliaceae | Root/rhizome |
99 | Yansui | coriander | Coriandrum sativum L. | Apiaceae | Fruit/seed |
100 | Yiyiren | semen coicis | Coix lacryma-jobi L.var.mayuen (Roman.) Stapf | Poaceae Barnhart | Mature seed kernel |
101 | Yizhiren | fructus Alpiniae oxyphyllae | Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. | zingiberaceae | Nuts/fruit |
102 | Yuganzi | emblic leafflower fruit | Phyllanthus emblica L. | Euphorbiaceae | Ripe fruit |
103 | Yuliren | bunge cherry seed | Prunus humilis Bge. Prunus japonica Thunb. Prunus pedunculata Maxim. | Rosaceae | Mature seed |
104 | Yuxingcao | fish mint | Houttuynia cordata Thunb. | Saururaceae | Whole grass/ground parts |
105 | Yuzhu | radix polygonati officinalis | Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce | Liliaceae | Rhizome |
106 | Zao | jujube | Ziziphus jujuba Mill. | Rhamnaceae | Ripe fruit |
107 | Zhijuzi | Turnjujube | Hovenia dulcis Thunb. | Rhamnaceae | Rachis, leaves, and stem branches |
108 | Zhizi | Cape jasmine | Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis | Rubiaceae | Ripe fruit |
109 | Zisu | purple perilla | Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. | Lamiaceae | Leaf/twigs |
110 | Zisuzi | perilla seed | Perilla frutescens (L.) Brit | Lamiaceae | Ripe fruit |
Source | Compound Name | Model | Dose | Molecular Weight | Monosaccharide Composition and Ratio | Glycosidic Bond | Effects | Mechanisms | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Astragalus membranaceus | APS | IPEC-J2 cell BALB/c mice (LPS-induced inflammation model) | 0.2 mL 200 mg/kg 7 days | p-p38 ↓, ERK1/2 ↓, IκB-α ↑, IL-6 ↓, IL-1α ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-1β ↓, CXCL8 ↓, TNFAIP3 ↓, CXCL2 ↓, BCL3 ↓, BNIP3 ↓ | Alleviating LPS-induced inflammation by inhibiting the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways | [57] | |||
Astragalus membranaceu | APS-I | RAW264.7 cell (LPS-induced inflammation model) | 10, 25, 50, 100 μg/mL | >2000 kDa | Man, Rha, GalA, Glu, Gal, Ara 0.54∶0.26∶12.24∶17.24∶8.46∶1 | NO ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-10 ↑ | Closely related to amino acid metabolism and energy metabolism | [127] | |
Astragalus membranaceu | APS-II | RAW264.7 cell (LPS-induced inflammation model) | 10, 25, 50, 100 μg/mL | 10 kDa | Rha, GalA, Glu, Gal, Ara 0.26∶0.14∶24.04∶0.62∶1 | NO ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-10 ↑ | Closely related to amino acid metabolism and energy metabolism | [127] | |
Astragalus membranaceu | APS-1 | C57BL/6 mice (T1D model) | 200 mg/kg 8 consecutive weeks | IL-10 ↑, IL-6 ↓, TNF-α ↓, SCFAs ↑, BCFAs ↓, GPR41 ↑, HDAC2 ↑, ZO-1 ↑, occludin ↑, claudin-1 ↑ | Alleviates T1D system inflammation by reducing inflammatory factors and regulating gut microbes | [123] | |||
Astragalus membranaceu | APS-A1 | RAW264.7 cell (LPS-induced inflammation model) | 50, 100, 200 μg/mL dependent manner | 2620 KDa | Glu, Gal, Ara 52.3:1.0:1.3. | 1,4-α-D-Glcp | TNF-α ↓, IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓, MCP-1 ↓, NLRP3 ↓, iNOS ↓, COX-2 ↓, p-JNK ↓, p-ERK ↓, p-p38 ↓, P65 ↓ | Alleviates LPS-induced inflammation by inhibiting the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways | [128] |
Astragalus membranaceu | APS-B1 | RAW264.7 cell (LPS-induced inflammation model) | 50, 100, 200 μg/mL Dependent manner | 4950 KDa. | Glu, Gal, Ara, Man, Rha, GalA 75.2:17.3:19.4:1.0:1.1:1.3 | 1,4-α-D-Glcp,1,4,6-α-D-Glcp,1,5-α-L-Araf | TNF-α ↓, IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓, MCP-1 ↓, NLRP3 ↓, iNOS, ↓COX-2 ↓, p-JNK ↓, p-ERK ↓, p-p38 ↓, P65 ↓ | Alleviates LPS-induced inflammation by inhibiting the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways | [128] |
Astragalus membranaceu | AP | C57BL/6 mice (CVB3-induced viral myocarditis model) | 200 mg/kg | IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓, TNF-α ↓, INF-γ ↓, MCP-1 ↓, TLR-4 ↓, p-NF-κB p65 ↓ | Alleviation of CVB3-induced viral myocarditis by inhibiting the TLR-4/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway | [20] | |||
Astragalu membranaceu | APSI-C | RAW264.7 cell (LPS-induced inflammation model) | 12.5, 25, 50 mg/L | 4.5 KDa | TNF-α ↓, NO ↓, IL-10 ↑ | Alleviating LPS-induced inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory factors and increasing levels of pro-inflammatory factors | [129] | ||
Astragalus membranaceu | sAPS3 | Wistar rats (CCl4-induced hepatocellular necrosis model) | 40 mg/kg 3 weeks | TNF-α ↓, IL-β1 ↓, ATG7 ↓, CD68 ↓, LC3II ↓ | Alleviating CCl4-induced liver injury by inhibiting inflammatory factors and decreasing the expression levels of ATG7 or LC3II, key regulators of Kupffer (KCs) autophagy | [130] | |||
Astragalus membranaceu | SAPS | Caco2 cell (LPS-induced inflammation model) | 25, 50, 100 μg/mL | TLR4 ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-1β ↓, IL-8 ↓, ZO-1 ↑, Occludin ↑ | Alleviating LPS-induced inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory factors and modulating intestinal flora | [131] | |||
Ganoderma lucidum | BSGLP | C57BL/6 J mice (HFD-induced obesity model) | 100, 300 mg/kg | 26.0 kDa | Glu, Man, Gal 87.4:4.81:8.14 | (1→3)-β-D-Glcp, (1→6)-β-D-Glcp, (1→3,6)-β-D-Glcp | IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓, MCP-1 ↓, Occludin ↑, ZO-1 ↑, Claudin-1 ↑, SCFAs ↑, LBP ↓, CD14 ↓, Myd88 ↓, TLR4 ↓, p-NF-κB ↓, GPR43 ↑, Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ↓, Reg3γ ↓ | Alleviation of inflammation through the modulation of gut microbes and inhibition of the TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB signaling pathway | [36] |
Ganoderma lucidum | GLP-1 | Wistar rats (D-gal induced cognitive impairment model) | 20 mg/kg 10 mL/kg 60 days | 107 KDa | (1→, and →3)-β-D-Glcp | p-p38MAPK ↓, p-p53 ↓, p-JNK1+JNK2+JNK3 ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-6 ↓, IL-10 ↑, TGF-β1 ↑ | Alleviating D-gal-induced systemic inflammation by inhibiting the MAPK signaling pathway and reducing inflammatory factors | [55] | |
Ganoderma lucidum | SGRP | Kunming mice (CCl4-induced chronic liver injury model) | 400, 200, 100 mg/kg 6 weeks | 15.542 KDa | Fuc, Xyl, Man, Gal, Glu 4.8:0.9:4.9:9.9:11.6 | (1 → 6)-linked glycoside | TNF-α ↓, IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓, TLR4 ↓, p-NF-κB p65 ↓, IκBα ↑ | Alleviation of liver fibrosis by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway | [132] |
Ganoderma lucidum | GRP | Kunming mice (CCl4-induced chronic liver injury model) | 400, 200, 100 mg/kg 4 weeks | 12.2 kDa | Rha, Fuc, Man, Glu 1.99:1.21:6.33:6.78 | TNF-α ↓, IL-6 ↓, IL-10 ↓, p-p65 ↓, TGF-β ↓, IκBα ↑ | Alleviating chronic liver injury by reducing pro- and anti-inflammatory factors | [133] | |
Ganoderma lucidum | PSG-1 | BALB/c mice (cyclophosphamide-induced intestinal mucosal dysfunction model) | 25, 50, 100 mg/kg 7 days | TLR-2 ↓, TLR-4 ↓, TLR-6 ↓, IFN-γ ↑, IL-2 ↑, IL-12p70 ↑, IL-4 ↑, IL-1β ↑, IL-17 ↑, IL-21 ↑, IL-23 ↑, TGF-β3 ↑, T-bet ↑, GATA-3 ↑, RORγt ↑, Foxp3 ↑, ZO-1 ↑, occludin ↑, claudin-1 ↑, LC3 ↑, Beclin-1 ↑, Atg5 ↑, Atg7 ↑ | Alleviating cyclophosphamide (Cy)-induced intestinal mucosal dysfunction by regulating intestinal flora and improving intestinal immunity | [39] | |||
Ganoderma lucidum | GLP | C57BL/6 mice (AOM/DSS-induced inflammation, tumorigenesis model) RAW264.7, HT-29, NCM460 cell (LPS-induced inflammation model) | 200, 300 mg/kg 0.8 mg/mL | 25.0 kDa | Ara, Man, Glu, Gal (4.19%), (15.69%), (78.15%), (1.97%) | TLR4 ↓, p-NF-κB p65 ↓, Myd88 ↓, IL-1β ↓, iNOS ↓, COX-2 ↓, p-JNK ↓, p-ERK ↓, IL-6 ↓, IL-1β5, TNF-α ↓, SCFAs ↑, occludin ↑, ZO-1 ↑ | Regulation of intestinal flora through inhibition of MAPK and NF-κB and increased production of SCFAs to alleviate colitis and tumors | [61] | |
Ganoderma lucidum | GLP | C57BL/6 mice (CPZ-induced CNS demyelinating disease model) (MOG35-55 induces the development of an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease model) BV2cell (LPS-induced neuroinflammation model) | 5 mg/kg 50 μg/mL | NF-κB ↓, NLRP3 ↓, ASC ↓, pro-caspase-1 ↓, caspase-1 ↓, IL-1β ↓, TNFα ↓, IL-17 ↓, Dectin-1 ↑, IL-10 ↑ | Regulation of the Dectin-1 receptor inhibits NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammatory vesicle signaling and thus suppresses neuroinflammation | [75] | |||
Ganoderma lucidum | CM-GLP | SD rats (cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model) | 40 mg/kg | MDA ↓, NF-κB ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-1 ↓, IL-6 ↓, SOD ↑, HSP-70 ↑, p-Akt ↑ | Alleviating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by modulating the HSP70/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway | [134] | |||
Ganoderma lucidum | GLPN | C57 mice (DSS-induced colitis model) | 200 mg/kg 17 days | 35 KDa | Glc | (1→3)-β-D- glucan, (1→6)-β-D- l side-branching unit on every third residue | TNF-α ↓, IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓ | Relief of colitis by inhibiting L-selectin binding to ligands | [135] |
Dendrobium nobile | DNP1 | RAW264.7 cells (LPS-induced inflammation model) | 200 μg/mL | 67.72 kDa | Man, Glc (75.86%), (24.14%) | β-1,4-ᴅ-Manp, β-1,4-ᴅ-Glcp residues | NO ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓, IL-10 ↑ | Alleviating LPS-induced inflammation by modulating pro- and anti-inflammatory factors | [136] |
Dendrobium nobile | DNP2 | RAW264.7 cells (LPS-induced inflammation model) | 200 μg/mL | 37.45 kDa | Man, Glc (72.32%), (27.68%) | β-1,4-ᴅ-Manp, β-1,4-ᴅ-Glcp residues | NO ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓, IL-10 ↑ | Alleviating LPS-induced inflammation by modulating pro- and anti-inflammatory factors | [136] |
Dendrobium huoshanense | cDHPS | DBA/1J male mice (type II collagen-induced arthritis model) | 0.1095, 0.4380 g/kg 30 days dose-dependent manner | p-IκB ↓, p- p65 ↓, p-JNK ↓, p-p38 ↓, p-ERK1/2 ↓, p-PI3K ↓, p- AKT ↓, p-JAK1 ↓, p- STAT3 ↓, IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓, IL-17 ↓, TNF-α ↓, GM-CSF ↓, M-CSF ↓, CXCL12 ↓, CCL ↓5, MMP3 ↓, MMP8 ↓, MMP9 ↓, VEGF ↓, IL-10 ↑, TGF-β ↑, HIF-1α ↓ | Alleviation of rheumatoid arthritis through inhibition of the NF-κB, MAPK, PI3K/AKT, and JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathways | [22] | |||
Dendrobium officinale | DOPS | BalB/c mice (4% DSS-induced secondary liver injury in an acute colitis model) RAW264.7 cells (LPS-induced inflammation model) | 50, 100, 200 mg/kg 14 days 50, 100, 200 μg/mL | 393.8 kDa | Man, Glu 5.83:1.05 | IL-1β ↓, TNF-α ↓, MDA ↓, SOD ↑, GSH-Px ↑, Nrf-2 ↑, HO-1 ↑, NQO-1 ↑ | Alleviation of liver injury secondary to colitis by activation of the Nrf-2 signaling pathway | [101] | |
Dendrobium officinale | DOPS | Kunming mice (ovariectomy, D-gal-induced learning and memory impairment model) | 140 mg/kg | MDA ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-1β ↓, Nrf2 ↑, HO-1 ↑ | Improving Learning Memory Disorders by Activating the Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway | [102] | |||
Dendrobium officinale | M-DOP | Kunming mice (D-Gal-induced aging model) | 250, 500, 1000 mg/kg | 75.41 kDa | Ara, Gal, Glc, Man, Rha 0.38:0.40:1.00:0.12:0.02 | SOD ↑, CAT ↑, GSH-Px ↑, Nrf2 ↑, HO-1 ↑, NQO1 ↑, IL-6 ↓, IL-1β ↓, NO ↓ | Amelioration of liver injury by activation of Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 signaling pathway | [100] | |
Dendrobium officinale | DOP | SD rats (middle cerebral artery occlusion model) | 25, 50, 100 μg/g | IFN-γ ↓, COX-2 ↓, IL-6 ↓, p-JAK/JAK ↓, p-STAT3/STAT3 ↓ | Reduces brain inflammation and repairs neurological function by inhibiting JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway activation | [113] | |||
Dendrobium officinale | DOP | BALB/c mice (DSS-induced colitis model) Caco-2, RAW264.7 cells (LPS-induced inflammation model) | 200 mg/kg 20 days 0.5 mg/mL | 618 kDa | 1,4-β-D-mannopyranosyl residues, β-D glucopyranosyl residue | miR-433-3p ↑, NO ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-6 ↓, PGE2 ↓, MAPK8 ↓ | Alleviating intestinal inflammation by inhibiting the MAPK signaling pathway | [125] | |
Dendrobium huoshanense | DHP-1 | RAW264.7 cells (LPS-induced inflammation model) | 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 μg/mL | 262.50 kDa | Gal, Man, Glc, 1.00:1.89:22.66 | NO ↓, IL-1β ↓ | Alleviating LPS-induced inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory factors | [137] | |
Dendrobium huoshanense | DHP-2 | RAW264.7 cells (LPS-induced inflammation model) | 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 μg/mL | 521.37 kDa | Gal, Man, Glc, 2.80:1.00:10.93 | NO ↓, IL-1β ↓ | Alleviating LPS-induced inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory factors | [137] | |
Lycium chinense | LBPs | SD rats (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease model) | 50 mg/kg 8 weeks | Man, Rha, Glu, Gal, Ara 1.00:0.93:12.55:0.31:0.53 | IL-6 ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-1β ↓, MCP-1 ↓, IL-10 ↑, TLR4 ↓, MyD88 ↓, IKK ↓, IκB ↓, p38MAPK ↓, NF-κBp65 ↓, occludin ↑, ZO-1 ↑ | Alleviation of NAFLD by inhibition of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and MAPK and modulation of intestinal flora | [23] | ||
Lycium chinense | LBPs | SD rats (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease model) | 1 mg/kg 8 weeks | iNOS ↓, COX-2 ↓, IL-1β ↓, SOCS-3 ↓, TGF-β1 ↓, a-SMA ↓, p-JNK ↓, p-c-Jun ↓, p-ERK ↓, p-MEK ↓ | Alleviating NAFLD by inhibiting the MAPK signaling pathway | [62] | |||
Lycium chinense | LBP | Bovine mammary epithelial cells (LPS-induced inflammation model) | 100, 300 μg/mL 24 h | COX-2 ↓, NLRP3 ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-1β, IL-6 ↓, IκBα ↓, p65 ↓, p38 ↓, JNK ↓, ERK ↓, PPARγ ↑ | Mitigation of mastitis by inhibiting the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway in a PPARγ-dependent manner | [90] | |||
Lycium chinense | GDLP | C57BL/KsJ mice (T2DM model) | 400 mg/kg 8 weeks | TNF-α ↓, Nrf2 ↓, HO-1 ↓ | Alleviating type 2 diabetes-induced liver inflammation by inhibiting the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway | [105] | |||
Lycium chinense | LBPs | RAW264.7 cell (LPS-induced inflammation model) | 1 g/L 24 h | 34.6 KDa | NO ↓ | Alleviating LPS-induced inflammation by inhibiting NO secretion levels | [138] | ||
Angelica sinensis | AP | HT22 cell (LPS-induced inflammation model) | 80μg/mL | IL-1β ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-6 ↓, miR-10a ↑, p-IκBa ↓, p-p65 ↓, pJAK2 ↓, p-STAT3 ↓, p53 ↓, p21 ↓, cleaved PARP ↓, cleaved caspase-3/9 ↓ | Alleviating LPS-induced inflammatory injury by inhibiting the NF-κB and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways and modulating miR-10a | [111] | |||
Angelica sinensis | APS-2I | BalB/c mice (septicemia model) RAW264.7 cell (LPS-induced inflammation model) | 5, 10 mg/L 20, 40 mg/L | 720 KDa | Man, Rha, Glc, Gal, Ara, GalA (4.9%), (6.5%), (1.2%), (12.2%), (28.0%), (47.2%) | α-1,5-Araf, α-1,3-Araf, α-1,3,5-Araf, β-1,4-Galp, β-1,6-Galp | TNF-α ↓, IFN-β ↓, NO ↓, TIRAP ↓, MyD88 ↓, TRAM ↓, TRIF ↓, TLR4 ↓, MD-2 ↓ | Relief of sepsis by inhibition of the TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB signaling pathway and TRAM/TRIF signaling pathway | [139] |
Angelica sinensis | APS-3I | BalB/c mice (septicemia model) RAW264.7 cell (LPS-induced inflammation model) | 5, 10 mg/L 20, 40 mg/L | 590 KDa | Mainly Glc | α-1,6-Glcp, α-1,2-Glcp, α-1,3-Glcp | TNF-α ↓, IFN-β ↓, NO ↓, TIRAP ↓, MyD88 ↓, TRAM ↓, TRIF ↓, TLR4 ↓, MD-2 ↓ | Relief of sepsis by inhibition of the TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB signaling pathway and TRAM/TRIF signaling pathway | [139] |
Angelica sinensis | AP | Primary claw dermal cells (LPS-induced inflammation model) | 10, 50, 100 µg/mL | p-IκBα ↓, p-p65 ↓, p-ERK ↓, p-JNK ↓, p-p38 ↓, CCL2 ↓, CCL20 ↓, CXCL2 ↓, CXCL8 ↓, CXCL10 ↓, TLR4 ↓, MyD88 ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓, NO ↓ | Alleviating LPS-induced inflammation by inhibiting the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways | [56] | |||
Angelica sinensis | AP | SD rats (chronic renal failure model) | 10, 20, 40 mg/mL dose-dependent manner | IL-18 ↓, IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓, NLRP3 ↓, caspase-1 ↓ | Alleviating chronic functional renal failure by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome signaling activation | [77] | |||
Angelica sinensis | sCAP | ICR mice (CCl4-induced hepatic injury model) | 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 mg/mL | p-ERK ↓, p-JNK ↓, p-p38 ↓, MDA ↓, ROS ↓, SOD ↑, T-AOC ↑ | Mitigation of CCl4-induced liver injury by MAPK inhibition | [140] | |||
Angelica sinensis | CAP | ICR mice (CCl4-induced hepatic injury model) | 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 mg/mL | p-ERK ↓, p-JNK ↓, p-p38 ↓, MDA ↓, ROS ↓, SOD ↑, T-AOC ↑ | Mitigation of CCl4-induced liver injury by MAPK inhibition | [140] | |||
Polygonatum sibiricum | PSP | BALB/c mice (septic acute liver injury model) | 150, 300, 600 mg/kg | TNF-α ↓, IL-6 ↓, MPO ↓, IL-18 ↓, IL-1β ↓, NLRP3 ↓, ASC ↓, caspase-1 ↓, AST ↓, ALT ↓, ALP ↓, TBIL ↓ | Treatment of septic acute liver injury by inhibiting the NLRP3/GSDMD signaling pathway | [76] | |||
Polygonatum sibiricum | PCP | KM mice (LPS-induced acute lung injury model) | 400, 800 mg/kg/dw 7 consecutive days | 8.842 KDa | Fru, Glu, Gal 92.73:6.37:0.90 | β-D, α-D | IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MPO ↓, SOD ↑, p-IKKβ ↓, p-IκBα ↓, p-p65 ↓, HO-1 ↓, NQO-1 ↓, Nrf2 ↓, p-AMPK ↓ | Lung protection through inhibition of the NF-κB and AMPK-Nrf2 signaling pathways | [141] |
Polygonatum sibiricum | HPCP | KM mice (LPS-induced acute lung injury model) | 400, 800 mg/kg/dw 7 consecutive days | 5.521 KDa | Fru, Glu, Gal, Ara, Xyl 60.16:22.35:13.03:1.35:3.12 | β-D, α-D | IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MPO ↓, SOD ↑, p-IKKβ ↓, p-IκBα ↓, p-p65 ↓, HO-1 ↓, NQO-1 ↓, Nrf2 ↓, p-AMPK ↓ | Lung protection through inhibition of the NF-κB and AMPK-Nrf2 signaling pathways | [141] |
Polygonatum sibiricum | PCP | SD rats (CCl4-induced acute liver injury model) | 400 mg/kg 7 consecutive days | GSH ↑, SOD ↑, ROS ↓, MDA ↓, p-PI3K/PI3K ↓, p-AKT/AKT ↓, p-m TOR/mTOR ↓, LC3II/LC3I ↑ | Attenuating CCl4-induced acute liver injury by activating autophagy through inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway | [87] | |||
Polygonatum sibiricum | PSP | C57BL/6 mice (Single prolonged stress model) | 200, 400, 800 mg/kg | 6–14 kD | IL-1β ↓, TNF-α ↓, NLRP3 ↓, ASC ↓, SOD ↑, MDA ↓, HO-1 ↓, Nrf2 ↓, BDNF ↑, p-TrkB ↑, PSD95 ↑, Arc ↑, GluA1 ↑, GluN2B ↓ | Attenuating PTSD-like behaviors by inhibiting activation of Nrf2/HO-1, inhibiting the NLRP3 signaling pathway | [104] | ||
Polygonatum sibiricum | PSP | C57BL/6 mice (LPS and chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression model) | 100, 200, 400 mg/kg | 6–14 kD | Ara, Glu, GluA, Gal, GalA, Man, Rha, Rib 13.7:82.9:3.7:36.2:4.3:52.5:3.3:1.0 | GluA1 ↑, GluA2 ↑, GluN2A ↓, GluN2B ↓, p-AKT/AKT ↑, p-mTOR/mTOR ↑, caspase-3 ↓, IL-1β ↓, TNF-α ↓, p-ERK ↓, NF-κB ↓, SOD ↑, MDA ↓, CORT ↓, 5-HT ↑ | Prevent depression by reducing inflammation by inhibiting the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways | [142] | |
Polygonatum sibiricum | PS | SD rat (HFD-induced obesity model) | 120, 240, 480 mg/kg 14 weeks | 134.7 kDa | Man, Rha, GalA, Gal, Glc, GlcA, Xyl, Ara, Fuc, idoA | ZO-1 ↑, occludin ↑, TLR4 ↓, IL-1β ↓, IL-10 ↑, IκB-α ↑, SCFA ↑ | Alleviating inflammation by inhibiting TLR4/NFκB and modulating intestinal flora | [126] | |
Polygonatum sibiricum | PSF | SD rat (HFD-induced obesity model) | 120, 240, 480 mg/kg 14 weeks | 178.6 kD | Man, Rha, GalA, Gal, Glc, GlcA, Xyl, Ara, Fuc, idoA | ZO-1 ↑, occludin ↑, TLR4 ↓, IL-1β ↓, IL-10 ↑, IκB-α ↑, SCFA ↑ | Alleviating inflammation by inhibiting TLR4/NFκB and modulating intestinal flora | [126] | |
Phellinus igniarius | S-A3 | C57BL/6 mice (ulcerative colitis model) RAW264.7 (LPS-induced inflammation model) | 50, 100 mg/kg 31.25, 15.625, 7.8125 μg/mL | 3.3 KDa | Gal, Glc, Man, GlcA contain small amounts of Fuc, Xyl, GalA, Rha | TNF-α ↓, IL-6 ↓, IL-1β ↓, p65 ↓, AKT ↓, JNK ↓, P38 ↓ | Inhibit ulcerative colitis by inhibiting the NF-κB, MAPK, and AKT signaling pathways | [143] | |
Phellinus igniarius | SHPS-1 | C57BL/6 mice (ulcerative colitis model) RAW264.7 cells (LPS-induced inflammation model) | 100 mg/kg 28 day 250 μg/mL 24 h | 46 kDa | Ara, Man, Glu, Gal 2.2:15.7:49.3:32.8 | 1,3-linked β-D-Glcp 1,6-linked α-D-Galp residues | IL-1β ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-10 ↑, iNOS ↓, INF-β ↓, INF-γ ↓, MCP-1 ↓, CXCL-1 ↓, CD 86 ↓, IL-4 ↑, Occludin ↑, Claudin-4 ↑, ZO-1 ↑, CD 206 ↑, p-STAT-1 ↓ | Ulcerative colitis is inhibited by reducing the phosphorylation level of STAT-1 and the expression level of STAT-1 target genes such as iNOS and TNF-α, as well as increasing the anti-inflammatory factor and CD206 | [144] |
Phellinus igniarius | PLP | ICR mice (enteritis model) RAW264.7 cells (LPS-induced inflammation model) | 500 mg/kg 25, 50, 100 μg/mL | NO ↓, MPO ↓, MDA ↓, IL-1β ↓, TNF-α ↓, iNOS ↓, IL-6 ↓, p38 ↓, JNK ↓, ERK ↓, PPARα ↑, PPARγ ↑ | By activating PPARα and PPARγ, MAPK signaling pathway is blocked to alleviate inflammation | [93] | |||
Phellinus igniarius | SHP-1-1 | RAW264.7 cells (LPS-induced inflammation model) | 25, 50, 100 μg/mL | 333.599 kDa | Fuc, Ara, Rha, Gal, Glu, Xyl, Man, Glu 11.48∶0.18∶0.28∶17.86∶27.71∶0.64∶11.75∶0.94 | α-Glycosidic bond | NO ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-6 ↓, IL-1β ↓ | Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory factors | [145] |
Phellinus igniarius | SHP-2-1 | RAW264.7 cells (LPS-induced inflammation model) | 25, 50, 100 μg/mL | 563.032 kDa | Fuc, Ara, Rha, Gal, Glu, Xyl, Man, Glu 0.73∶0.14∶0.32∶1.13:14.96∶1.04∶3.79∶1.50 | β-Glycosidic bond | NO ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-6 ↓, IL-1β ↓ | Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory factors | [145] |
Poria cocos | PPS | KM mice BV-2 cell (LPS-induced anxiety and depression-like behavior model) | 20, 80 mg/kg 4, 8, 16 μmol/L | ROS ↓, NO ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-1β ↓, CD16/32 ↓, NF-κB p65 ↓, CD206 ↑, NLRP3 ↓, ASC ↓, cleaved caspase-1 ↓ | Attenuating LPS-induced anxiety and depression-like behaviors by inhibiting NF-κB and NLRP3 signaling pathways. | [74] | |||
Poria cocos | PCP | Sheep renal tubular epithelial cells (MAP-induced inflammation and oxidative stress model) | 5, 10, 50 mg/L | MDA ↓, SOD ↑, IL-6 ↓, TNF-α ↓, Nrf2 ↑, HO-1 ↑, NQO1 ↑ | Reduces inflammation by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway | [103] | |||
Poria cocos | PCP-1C | KM mice (CCl4-induced liver injury model) | 50, 100, 200 mg/kg Two consecutive weeks | 17 kDa | Man, Gal, Glc, Fuc 17.4, 43.5, 24.4, 14.6 | 1,3-β-D-Glcp, 1,4-β-D-Glcp, 1,6-β-D-Glcp, | IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓, TNF-α ↓, SOD ↑, GSH-Px ↑, MDA ↓, CAR ↓, CYP2E1 ↓ | Alleviation of CCl4-induced liver injury by inhibiting CAR/CYP2E1 signaling pathway | [146] |
Poria cocos | CMP44 | RAW264.7 cell (LPS-induced inflammation model) | 31.25–1000 μg/mL | 209.6 KDa | D-glucose | β- (1, 3) | NO ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-6 ↓, IL-1β ↓ | Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory factors | [147] |
Poria cocos | CMP33 | RAW264.7 cell (LPS-induced inflammation model) | 31.25–1000 μg/mL | 152.3 KDa | (1 → 3), (1→6), (1→2)-linked glucose residues | NO ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-6 ↓, IL-1β ↓ | Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory factors | [148] |
Source | Compound Name | Molecular Weight | Effects | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lycium barbarum | LBP | 34.6 KDa | NO ↓ | [138] |
Angelica sinensis | ASP-Hb | 67.9 KDa | IL-6 ↓, IL-1β ↓, TNF-α ↓, TLR4 ↓ | [160] |
honey of Polygonatum sibiricum Delar. ex Redoute | HPCP | 5521 KDa | p-IKKβ ↓, p-IκBα ↓, p-p65 ↓, IL-1β ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-6 ↓, p-AMPK ↑, Nrf2 ↑, HO-1 ↑, NQO-1 ↑ | [141] |
Astragalusmembranaceus | APSI-C | 4.5 KDa | NO ↓, TNF-α ↓ | [129] |
Dendrobium huoshanense | DHP-1 | 521.37 KDa | NO ↓, IL-1β ↓ | [137] |
Dendrobium huoshanense | DHP-2 | 262.50 KDa | NO ↓, IL-1β ↓ | [137] |
Source | Compound Name | Composition and Proportion of Monosaccharides | Effects | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dioscorea polystachya | CYP-1 | Rib, Rha, Ara, Xyl | TNF-α ↓, IL-1β ↓ | [163] |
Rubusidaeus | L-Ps-1 | Rha, Ara, Xyl, glucose, galactose 2.47:4.75:4.12:1:2.48 | TNF-α ↓, iNOS ↓, IL-6 ↓ | [165] |
Rubusidaeus | F-Ps-3 | Rha, Ara, Xyl, Glu, Gal 4.21:14.72:1.63:1:3.22 | TNF-α ↓, iNOS ↓, IL-6 ↓ | [165] |
Astragalus membranaceus | APS-I | Man, Rha, Gal A, Glu, Gal, Ara 0.54:0.26:12.24:17.24:8.46:1 | NO ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-10 ↑ | [127] |
Astragalus membranaceus | APS-II | Rha, Gal A, Glu, Gal, Ara 0.26:0.14:24.04:0.62:1 | NO ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-10 ↑ | [127] |
Phellinus igniarius | SHP-2-1 | Fuc, Ara, Rha, Gal, Glucose, Xyl, Man, Glu A 0.73:0.14:0.32:1.13:14.96:1.04:3.79:1.50 | NO ↓, IL-1β ↓ | [145] |
Phellinus igniarius | SHP-1-1 | Fuc, Ara, Rha, Gal, Glu, Xyl, Man, Glu A 11.48:0.18:0.28:17.86:27.71:0.64:11.75:0.94 | NO ↓, IL-1β ↓ | [145] |
Sargassum pallidum | PPS | Fucose | NO ↓ | [166] |
Dendrobium nobile | DNP1 | Man (75.86%), Glc (24.14%) | NO ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓, IL-10 ↑ | [136] |
Dendrobium nobile | DNP2 | Man (72.32%), Glc (27.68%) | NO ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓, IL-10 ↑ | [136] |
Source | Compound Name | Glucosidic Bond | Effects | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pueraria montana var. thomsonii | RPP-2 | α-D-1,3-glucan | TNF-α ↓ | [170] |
Hericium erinaceus | EP-1 | β-d-Glc(1→3) | SOD ↑, ROS ↓ | [171,172] |
Phellinus igniarius | SHPS-1 | 1, 3-β-D-GLCP residue | STAT-1 ↓, iNOS ↓, TNF-α ↓ | [144] |
Phellinus igniarius | A3 | α-1, 6-D-GALp | IL-6 ↓, IL-1β ↓, TNF-α ↓, P65 ↓, p-P38 ↓, p-ERK ↓, p-JNK ↓, p-AKT ↓ | [143] |
honey | AHPN50-1a | (1→6) -α-GlcP | IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓, TNF-α ↓ | [173] |
Poria cocos | PCP-1C | 1,3-β-D-Glcp | IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓, TNF-α ↓, SOD ↑, GSH-Px ↑ | [146] |
Ganoderma lucidum | MBG | β-1→3 and β-1→6 glucan | IgA ↑, IgG ↑, poly-Ig ↑, IL-2 ↑ | [174] |
Angelica sinensis | APS-2I | α-D-β-Galp-(1→6) | MyD88 ↓, TLR4 ↓, TNF-α ↓, IFN-β ↓, IL-6 ↓, NO ↓ | [139] |
Poria cocos | CMP44 | (1→3) -β-d-glucan, (1→6)-β,(1→2)-β glucoside bonds | NO ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-6 ↓, IL-1β ↓ | [147] |
Ganoderma lucidum | BSGLP | (1→3)-β-D-Glcp, (1→6)-β-D-Glcp | TLR4 ↓, Myd88 ↓, NF-κB ↓ | [36] |
Source | Compound Name | Conformation | Appearance Characteristics | Effects | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Poria cocos | CMP33 | triple helix structure | IL-6 ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-1β | [148] | |
Ganoderma lucidum | GLP | triple helix structure | TNF-α ↓, IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓, L-selectin ↓ | [135] | |
Pueraria montana var. thomsonii | RPP-2 | smooth, clean, and irregular sheet structure | TNF-α ↓ | [170] | |
Gardenia jasminoides | GPS | irregular, thin, randomly distributed, and amorphous structures | TLR4 ↓, NF-κB ↓, MyD88 ↓, MCP-1 ↓, IL-6 ↓ | [177] | |
Pseudocydonia sinensis | CSP-M | a sheet surface and porous structures | MPO ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓, NO ↓, MDA ↓, SOD ↑, GSH ↑ | [178] | |
ginger | GP-Zn(II) | flat surface, sheet structure, and partial dendritic fragments | IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓, IL-8 ↓, IL-12 ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-10 ↑ | [179] |
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Zhang, Y.; Lin, X.; Xia, L.; Xiong, S.; Xia, B.; Xie, J.; Lin, Y.; Lin, L.; Wu, P. Progress on the Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Structure–Efficacy Relationship of Polysaccharides from Medical and Edible Homologous Traditional Chinese Medicines. Molecules 2024, 29, 3852. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163852
Zhang Y, Lin X, Xia L, Xiong S, Xia B, Xie J, Lin Y, Lin L, Wu P. Progress on the Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Structure–Efficacy Relationship of Polysaccharides from Medical and Edible Homologous Traditional Chinese Medicines. Molecules. 2024; 29(16):3852. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163852
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Yuanyuan, Xiulian Lin, Li Xia, Suhui Xiong, Bohou Xia, Jingchen Xie, Yan Lin, Limei Lin, and Ping Wu. 2024. "Progress on the Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Structure–Efficacy Relationship of Polysaccharides from Medical and Edible Homologous Traditional Chinese Medicines" Molecules 29, no. 16: 3852. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163852