A Role of Tumor-Released Exosomes in Paracrine Dissemination and Metastasis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Role of Neoplastic Exosomes on Processes Essential to Metastasis
2.1. Exosomes Promote the Formation of the Pre-Metastatic Niche (PMN)
2.2. Exosomes Transforming Action on Mesenchymal Stem Cells
2.3. Altered Metabolism Induced by Transforming Cancer Exosomes
3. Active Role of Cancer Exosomes in the Metastatic Cascade
3.1. Exosomal MicroRNAs
3.2. Neoplastic Exosomal Proteins
4. Role of Acidity in Exosomes Release and Metastasis Progression
5. Cancer-Released Exosomes: The Frontier of Liquid Biopsy
6. Exploiting Exosomes as Anticancer Molecules Deliverers
7. Discussion
- The need of more advanced techniques and methodologies for isolating cancer exosomes.
- The need of a complete library of all the cancer cargoes within exosomes to devise strategies for early diagnosis and monitoring of the response to treatment using exosomes.
- The role of exosomes in diagnostics and therapeutics is mostly established by using cancer cell lines and animal models. Randomized multi-institutional studies are needed for the complete exploitation of exosomes in diagnosis and therapy.
- Identification of exosome-based biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
- Potentiation of the investigation of exosomes as anticancer molecule carriers. Evaluation of the most effective agents and drug combinations, design of a standard operating procedure for manufacturing and administering drug-charged exosomes, as well as identification of toxicosis, complications, and potential subjects at risk. What we have reviewed here, i.e., the role of exosomes in cancer metastasis, underscores some questions we have raised in a previous review on the paradigm of cancer metastasis, which states that metastasis occurs through circulating cells. However, this assumption, that is taken for granted, does not take into account that many, if not all, metastatic phenomena cannot be explained by the hatching of circulating tumor cells in target organs [3]. We rather believe that metastatic dissemination is definitively due to circulating exosomes released by the primary tumors.
8. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Spugnini, E.P.; Logozzi, M.; Di Raimo, R.; Mizzoni, D.; Fais, S. A Role of Tumor-Released Exosomes in Paracrine Dissemination and Metastasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 3968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19123968
Spugnini EP, Logozzi M, Di Raimo R, Mizzoni D, Fais S. A Role of Tumor-Released Exosomes in Paracrine Dissemination and Metastasis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(12):3968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19123968
Chicago/Turabian StyleSpugnini, Enrico Pierluigi, Mariantonia Logozzi, Rossella Di Raimo, Davide Mizzoni, and Stefano Fais. 2018. "A Role of Tumor-Released Exosomes in Paracrine Dissemination and Metastasis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 12: 3968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19123968