Systemic Oxidative Stress Is Increased in Postmenopausal Women and Independently Associates with Homocysteine Levels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Cohort Characteristics
2.2. Demographics and Anthropometric Measurements
2.3. Biochemistry Measurements
2.4. Independently Associated Factors with Serum Free Thiol Concentrations
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Population
4.2. Data Collection
4.3. Serum Sample Collection, Processing, and Routine Laboratory Measurements
4.4. Measurement of Serum Free Thiols
4.5. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | 1st Tertile | 2nd Tertile | 3rd Tertile | p-Value † |
---|---|---|---|---|
<746.8 μM | 746.8−813.9 μM | >813.9 μM | ||
n = 74 | n = 74 | n = 75 | ||
Free thiols (μM) | 693.7 ± 48.3 | 781.0 ± 19.6 | 865.2 ± 46.3 | <0.001 |
Age (years) * | 22.5 [21.0; 27.0] | 33.0 [21.8; 42.0] | 38.0 [29.0; 43.0] | <0.001 |
Place of living | <0.001 | |||
Rural | 33 (44.6) | 19 (25.7) | 7 (9.3) | |
Urban | 41 (55.4) | 55 (74.3) | 68 (90.7) | |
Marital status | <0.001 | |||
Unmarried | 52 (71.2) | 26 (35.1) | 14 (18.7) | |
Married | 20 (27.4) | 45 (60.8) | 60 (80.0) | |
Widow | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
Divorcee | 1 (1.4) | 1 (1.4) | 1 (1.3) | |
No. of pregnancies * | 0 [0; 0] | 2 [0; 4] | 4 [1; 6] | <0.001 |
No. of abortions * | 0 [0; 0] | 0 [0; 0] | 0 [0; 0] | 0.019 |
Gestational diabetes | 0.002 | |||
Yes | 2 (2.7) | 8 (10.8) | 16 (21.3) | |
No | 72 (97.3) | 66 (89.2) | 59 (78.7) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1 ± 5.3 | 26.1 ± 6.0 | 27.2 ± 6.3 | 0.110 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 76.1 ± 15.6 | 85.3 ± 18.0 | 88.7 ± 18.7 | <0.001 |
Waist/hip ratio * | 0.77 [0.72; 0.86] | 0.90 [0.82; 0.96] | 0.88 [0.82; 0.93] | <0.001 |
Fat percentage * | 38.1 [32.2; 45.2] | 40.6 [30.9; 47.7] | 42.3 [34.9; 47.5] | 0.127 |
Muscle percentage * | 25.2 [22.8; 26.5] | 24.3 [22.4; 26.7] | 23.4 [22.0; 25.0] | 0.059 |
Visceral fat * | 5.0 [3.0; 7.0] | 6.0 [3.0; 9.0] | 7.0 [4.0; 9.0] | 0.002 |
Biochemistry | ||||
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.6 ± 1.1 | 4.8 ± 0.9 | 5.1 ± 1.2 | 0.040 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) * | 0.7 [0.6; 1.0] | 0.9 [0.7; 1.1] | 0.8 [0.7; 1.2] | 0.018 |
LDL (mmol/L) | 2.8 ± 1.0 | 3.0 ± 0.7 | 3.2 ± 1.1 | 0.027 |
HDL (mmol/L) * | 1.4 [1.3; 1.6] | 1.3 [1.2; 1.6] | 1.3 [1.1; 1.6] | 0.143 |
VLDL (mmol/L) * | 0.3 [0.3; 0.5] | 0.4 [0.3; 0.5] | 0.4 [0.3; 0.6] | 0.036 |
Glucose (mmol/L) * | 5.5 [5.2; 5.9] | 5.6 [5.2; 5.9] | 5.7 [5.2; 6.0] | 0.953 |
Apo A1 (g/L) * | 1.6 [1.4; 1.8] | 1.5 [1.4; 1.7] | 1.6 [1.4; 1.8] | 0.522 |
Apo B (g/L) * | 0.8 [0.7; 1.0] | 0.9 [0.7; 1.0] | 0.9 [0.8; 1.1] | 0.004 |
Homocysteine (μmol/L) * | 9.1 [8.1; 11.0] | 9.0 [7.8; 10.0] | 8.4 [7.4; 10.0] | 0.140 |
HbA1c (%) * | 5.3 [5.1; 5.6] | 5.4 [5.1; 5.6] | 5.3 [5.1; 5.6] | 0.930 |
Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) * | 2.3 [1.7; 3.0] | 2.7 [1.7; 3.9] | 2.1 [1.4; 3.1] | 0.178 |
Hormone levels | ||||
FSH (mIU/mL) * | 6.2 [5.0; 7.2] | 6.4 [5.5; 7.8] | 7.3 [5.9; 9.3] | 0.009 |
Estradiol (pg/mL) * | 36.6 [28.8; 48.3] | 39.4 [29.5; 48.8] | 36.6 [23.2; 45.8] | 0.454 |
Progesterone (ng/mL) * | 0.6 [0.4; 0.7] | 0.5 [0.3; 0.7] | 0.4 [0.3; 0.6] | 0.054 |
Testosterone (ng/mL) * | 0.26 [0.18; 0.40] | 0.23 [0.15; 0.34] | 0.21 [0.11; 0.27] | 0.002 |
LH/FSH * | 1.0 [0.7; 1.3] | 0.9 [0.7; 1.3] | 0.7 [0.6; 1.0] | 0.003 |
Variables | 1st Tertile | 2nd Tertile | 3rd Tertile | p-Value † |
---|---|---|---|---|
<746.7 μM | 746.7−815.6 μM | >814.6 μM | ||
n = 39 | n = 40 | n = 39 | ||
Free thiols (μM) | 673.0 ± 45.5 | 762.7 ± 19.5 | 853.2 ± 57.1 | <0.001 |
Age (years) * | 58.0 [51.0; 62.0] | 54.0 [50.3; 56.8] | 53.0 [50.0; 56.0] | 0.043 |
Place of living | 0.064 | |||
Rural | 4 (10.3) | 1 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
Urban | 35 (89.7) | 39 (97.5) | 39 (100.0) | |
Marital status | 0.775 | |||
Unmarried | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Married | 32 (82.1) | 36 (90.0) | 32 (82.1) | |
Widow | 6 (15.4) | 4 (10.0) | 6 (15.4) | |
Divorcee | 1 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.6) | |
No. of pregnancies * | 10 [8; 12] | 10 [7; 11] | 9 [6; 11] | 0.299 |
No. of abortions * | 1 [0; 2] | 1 [0; 2] | 0 [0; 2] | 0.369 |
Gestational diabetes | 0.524 | |||
Yes | 7 (17.9) | 4 (10.0) | 7 (17.9) | |
No | 32 (82.1) | 36 (90.0) | 32 (82.1) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.9 ± 5.5 | 30.3 ± 6.3 | 27.6 ± 4.4 | 0.063 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 99.6 ± 11.1 | 99.2 ± 12.1 | 93.7 ± 9.5 | 0.034 |
Waist/hip ratio * | 1.0 [1.0; 1.1] | 1.0 [0.9; 1.1] | 1.0 [0.9; 1.1] | 0.362 |
Fat percentage * | 45.4 [39.0; 51.0] | 47.1 [41.6; 50.6] | 43.0 [37.9; 46.6] | 0.064 |
Muscle percentage * | 22.1 [20.5; 24.4] | 22.2 [20.1; 24.0] | 23.0 [21.1; 25.0] | 0.233 |
Visceral fat * | 11.0 [8.0; 12.0] | 10.0 [9.0; 11.0] | 9.0 [8.0; 10.0] | 0.008 |
Biochemistry | ||||
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 6.2 ± 1.1 | 6.1 ± 1.1 | 6.5 ± 1.1 | 0.394 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) * | 1.2 [1.0; 1.6] | 1.3 [0.9; 1.7] | 1.2 [1.0; 1.7] | 0.531 |
LDL (mmol/L) | 4.2 ± 1.0 | 4.1 ± 1.1 | 4.3 ± 0.9 | 0.702 |
HDL (mmol/L) * | 1.4 [1.2; 1.7] | 1.3 [1.1; 1.5] | 1.5 [1.2; 1.8] | 0.574 |
VLDL (mmol/L) * | 0.5 [0.5; 0.7] | 0.6 [0.4; 0.8] | 0.6 [0.5; 0.8] | 0.545 |
Glucose (mmol/L) * | 6.0 [5.7; 6.8] | 6.2 [5.5; 6.5] | 6.0 [5.6; 6.4] | 0.862 |
Apo A1 (g/L) * | 1.7 [1.6; 1.9] | 1.6 [1.5; 1.9] | 1.7 [1.5; 1.9] | 0.620 |
Apo B (g/L) * | 1.2 [1.0; 1.4] | 1.3 [1.1; 1.4] | 1.3 [1.1; 1.3] | 0.930 |
Homocysteine (μmol/L) * | 10.2 [8.7; 12.6] | 10.2 [8.6; 11.3] | 8.4 [7.6; 9.9] | 0.003 |
HbA1c (%) * | 5.8 [5.4; 6.1] | 5.7 [5.4; 6.0] | 5.7 [5.3; 5.9] | 0.521 |
Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) * | 2.4 [1.8; 4.3] | 2.4 [1.3; 3.9] | 2.3 [1.5; 3.2] | 0.412 |
Hormone levels | ||||
FSH (mIU/mL) * | 71.0 [55.5; 91.5] | 62.8 [46.0; 83.4] | 71.4 [48.3; 87.8] | 0.433 |
Estradiol (pg/mL) * | 6.2 [5.0; 13.6] | 5.0 [5.0; 7.1] | 6.3 [5.0; 11.2] | 0.396 |
Progesterone (ng/mL) * | 0.1 [0.1; 0.2] | 0.2 [0.1; 0.3] | 0.2 [0.1; 0.4] | 0.455 |
Testosterone (ng/mL) * | 0.18 [0.06; 0.26] | 0.15 [0.10; 0.25] | 0.18 [0.12; 0.29] | 0.389 |
LH/FSH * | 0.5 [0.4; 0.7] | 0.6 [0.4; 1.2] | 0.5 [0.1; 0.9] | 0.379 |
Variables | Univariable Analysis | Multivariable Analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
St. Beta | p-Value † | St. Beta | p-Value † | |
Age (years) | 0.402 | <0.001 | 0.356 | 0.002 |
Obesity markers | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.134 | 0.046 | −0.124 | 0.127 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 0.290 | <0.001 | 0.040 | 0.643 |
Waist/hip ratio | 0.305 | <0.001 | 0.143 | 0.077 |
Fat percentage | 0.102 | 0.128 | ||
Visceral fat | 0.227 | 0.001 | −0.132 | 0.185 |
Factors associated with CV-risk | ||||
Glucose | −0.021 | 0.764 | ||
LDL (mmol/L) | 0.149 | 0.030 | −0.026 | 0.974 |
HDL (mmol/L) | −0.084 | 0.224 | ||
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.165 | 0.016 | 0.025 | 0.754 |
Apo A1 (g/L) | −0.003 | 0.961 | ||
Homocysteine (μmol/L) | −0.206 | 0.005 | −0.194 | 0.005 |
Estradiol (pg/mL) | 0.064 | 0.358 |
Variables | Univariable Analysis | Multivariable Analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
St. Beta | p-Value † | St. Beta | p-Value † | |
Age (years) | −0.315 | 0.001 | −0.291 | 0.002 |
Obesity markers | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.136 | 0.142 | ||
Waist circumference (cm) | −0.157 | 0.090 | ||
Waist/hip ratio | −0.043 | 0.645 | ||
Fat percentage | −0.103 | 0.267 | ||
Visceral fat | −0.217 | 0.019 | −0.149 | 0.101 |
Factors associated with CV-risk | ||||
Glucose | 0.110 | 0.249 | ||
LDL (mmol/L) | 0.081 | 0.414 | ||
HDL (mmol/L) | −0.048 | 0.614 | ||
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.166 | 0.091 | ||
Apo A1 (g/L) | −0.068 | 0.474 | ||
Homocysteine (μmol/L) | −0.291 | 0.002 | −0.200 | 0.032 |
Estradiol (pg/mL) | 0.023 | 0.805 |
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Bourgonje, A.R.; Abdulle, A.E.; Al-Rawas, A.M.; Al-Maqbali, M.; Al-Saleh, M.; Enriquez, M.B.; Al-Siyabi, S.; Al-Hashmi, K.; Al-Lawati, I.; Bulthuis, M.L.C.; et al. Systemic Oxidative Stress Is Increased in Postmenopausal Women and Independently Associates with Homocysteine Levels. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 314. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010314
Bourgonje AR, Abdulle AE, Al-Rawas AM, Al-Maqbali M, Al-Saleh M, Enriquez MB, Al-Siyabi S, Al-Hashmi K, Al-Lawati I, Bulthuis MLC, et al. Systemic Oxidative Stress Is Increased in Postmenopausal Women and Independently Associates with Homocysteine Levels. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(1):314. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010314
Chicago/Turabian StyleBourgonje, Arno R., Amaal Eman Abdulle, Areej M. Al-Rawas, Muna Al-Maqbali, Mohsin Al-Saleh, Marvin B. Enriquez, Sultan Al-Siyabi, Khamis Al-Hashmi, Intisar Al-Lawati, Marian L. C. Bulthuis, and et al. 2020. "Systemic Oxidative Stress Is Increased in Postmenopausal Women and Independently Associates with Homocysteine Levels" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 1: 314. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010314