Plant Defensins from a Structural Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Primary Sequence
3. Secondary and Tertiary Structures
4. The Oligomerization of Plant Defensins and Cell Membrane Targeting
5. Structural Motifs of Plant Defensins Important for Antifungal Activity
5.1. γ-core Motif
5.2. Loop L3 of the γ-core Motif
5.3. Loops L1 and L2
6. Structural Features of Plant Defensins Important for α-Amylase Activity
7. Intracellular Targets of Plant Defensins
8. Dynamics Properties of Plant Defensins
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Defensin and Source | pI | ΔN | IC50 (µM) | Experimental Conditions | Reference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fusarium Oxysporum | Fusarium Graminearum | Botrytis Cinerea | |||||
Rs-AFP1 Raphanus sativus | 8.3 | +3 | 2.6 2.6–5.2 | 1.4 1.4 1.4 | ½ PDB, T = 24 °C SM, T = 28 °C SM, T = 28 °C | [31] [4] [20] | |
Rs-AFP2 Raphanus sativus | 8.7 | +6 | 0.4 0.4 | 0.2–0.5 0.4 | 0.4 1.7 0.4 0.4 | ½ PDB, T = 24 °C ½ PDB, T = 24 °C SM, T = 28 °C SM, T = 28 °C PDB, T = 24 °C SM, T = 24 °C | [31] [19] [4] [20] [18] [32] |
Ah-AMP1 Aesculus hippocastanum | 7.6 | +1 | 4.3 | ½ PDB, T = 24 °C | [19] | ||
Dm-AMP1 Dahlia merckii | 7.6 | +1 | 2.2 14 | ½ PDB, T = 24 °C PDB, T = 22 °C | [19] [33] | ||
Ct-AMP1 Clitoria ternatea | 8.1 | +3 | 3.5 | ½ PDB, T = 24 °C | [19] | ||
Hs-AFP1 Heuchera sanguinea | 8.2 | +3 | 1.0 | ½ PDB, T = 24 °C | [19] | ||
Psd1 Pisum sativum | 7.6 | +1 | >19 | PDB, T = 25 °C | [34] | ||
Psd2 Pisum sativum | 8.1 | +3 | >19 | PDB, T= 25 °C | [34] | ||
PhD1 Petunia hybrida | 8.5 | +6 | 0.4 | 1.4 | ½ PDB, T = 24 °C | [5] | |
PhD2 Petunia hybrida | 8.3 | +5 | 1.4 | 1.9 | ½ PDB, T = 24 °C | [5] | |
VrD1 Vigna radiata | 8.7 | +6 | 1.0–3.4 | T = 28 °C | [35] | ||
SPE10 Pachyrrhizus erosus | 7.5 | +1 | >18 | >18 | PDB, T = 28 °C | [36] | |
VaD1 Azuki Bean | 8.9 | +7 | 5.8–10 | not listed | [37] | ||
TvD1 Tephrosia villosa | 7.8 | +2 | 1.2 | PDB, T = 28 °C | [38] | ||
PDC1 Zea mays | 8.1 | +3 | ~1.1 | PDB, T = 28 °C | [39] | ||
NmDef02 Nicotiana megalosiphon | 8.1 | +3 | 1 | PDB, T = 28 °C | [40] | ||
PsDef1 Pinus sylvestris | 8.9 | +7 | 0.5–0.7 | ~0.1 | PDB, T = 23 °C | [41] | |
MsDef1 Medicago sativa | 8.1 | +3 | 1.2–2.3 2-4 1.5–3.0 | PDB, T = 24 °C SM SM, T = 24 °C | [18] [42] [32] | ||
MtDef2 Medicago truncatula | 6.8 | -1 | >19 6-9 | PDB, T = 24 °C SM, T = 24 °C | [18] [32] | ||
MtDef4 Medicago truncatula | 8.5 | +6 | 0.75–1 0.75–1.0 | SM SM, T = 24 °C | [42] [32] | ||
Sm-AMP D1 Sm-AMP D2 Stellaria media | 7.0 7.5 | +1 +1 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 1.0 | T = 22 °C | [43] |
PgD5 Picea glauca | 8.5 | +5 | 1.9 | 0.7 | PDB, T = 22 °C | [44] | |
PpDFN1 Prunus persica | 2.9 | 1% glucose in H2O, T = 20 °C | [45] | ||||
NaD1 Nicotiana alata | 8.7 | +6 | 0.4 1 | 1 ± 0.5 0.5 | 1 | PDB, T = 22 °C ½ PDB, T = 25 °C ½ PDB, T = 25 °C | [5] [11] [46] |
NaD2 Nicotiana alata | 8.5 | +5 | 5 | 2 | [46] | ||
Lc-def Lens culinaris | 7.8 | +2 | 9.25 | ½ PGB, T = 25 °C | [47] | ||
AtPDFL2.1 Arabidopsis thaliana | 7.5 | +1 | 4 | ¼ PDB, T = 25 °C | [48] | ||
ZmD32 Zea mays | 11 | +10 | 1 ± 0.7 | ½ PDB, T = 25 °C | [11] | ||
OefDef1.1 Olea europaea | 9.1 | +8 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | PDB, T = 24 °C | [49] |
Defensin and Source | PDB Code | Oligomeric State | Method | Experimental Conditions | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
γ1-P thionin Triticum aestivum | 1GPS | Monomer | NMR | H2O/D2O pH = 4.0, T = 22, 32 °C 1–1.5 mM | [56] |
γ1-H thionin Hordeum vulgare | 1GPT | Monomer | NMR | H2O/D2O pH = 4.0, T = 22, 32 °C 1–1.5 mM | [56] |
Rs-AFP1 Raphanus sativus | 1AYJ | Monomer | NMR | H2O/D2O pH = 4.2, T = 32.3 °C 1.3 mM | [55] |
Rs-AFP2 Raphanus sativus | 2N2R | Monomer | NMR | H2O/D2O pH = 4.0, T = 15−35 °C 2 mg/mL (~0.3 mM) | [53] |
Ah-AMP1 Aesculus hippocastanum | 1BK8 | Monomer | NMR | H2O/D2O pH = 4.1, T = 19.8 °C 3.1 mM | [57] |
Psd1 Pisum sativum | 1JKZ | Monomer | NMR | 10 mM sodium phosphate pH = 4.0, T = 17, 27, 37 °C 1.8 mM | [58] |
Psd2 Pisum sativum | 6NOM | Monomer | NMR | 20 mM phosphate 10 mM NaCl pH = 5.0, T = 25 °C 1 mM | [50] |
PhD1 Petunia hybrida | 1N4N | Monomer | NMR | H2O/D2O pH = 3.1, T = 7, 37 °C 0.94 mM | [30] |
VrD1 Vigna radiata | 1TI5 | Monomer | NMR | 50 mM phosphate pH = 6.0 T = 10, 15, 20, 25 °C 2 mM | [52] |
VrD2 Vigna radiata | 2GL1 | Monomer | NMR | 50 mM phosphate pH = 6.0 T = 15, 20, 25 °C 2 mM | [59] |
Sd5 Saccharum officinarum | 2KSK | Monomer | NMR | 5 mM sodium phosphate pH = 4.0 T = 25 °C 0.2–1.0 mM | [60] |
MtDef4 Medicago truncatula | 2LR3 | Monomer | NMR | 20 mM Tris pH 4.4 T = 20 °C 1 mM | [61] |
Lc-def Lens culinaris | 2LJ7 | Monomer | NMR | H2O/D2O pH = 5.0, T = 27, 55 °C 0.5–1.0 mM | [47] |
AhPDF1.1 Arabidopsis halleri | 2M8B | Monomer | NMR | H2O/D2O pH = 4.5, T = 25, 35 °C 1.3 mM | [62] |
AtPDFL2.1 Arabidopsis thaliana | 2MZ0 | Monomer | NMR | H2O/D2O pH = 6.5, T = 25 °C 0.2 mM | [48] |
HsAFP1 Heuchera sanguinea | 2N2Q | Monomer | NMR | H2O/D2O pH = 4.0, T = 25 °C 2 mg/mL (~3 mM) | [63] |
PsDef1 Pinus sylvestris | 5NCE | Monomer | NMR | 10 mM acetate pH 4.5, T = 33 °C 0.4-0.7 mM | [51] |
ZmD32 Zea mays | 6DMZ | Monomer | NMR | H2O/D2O pH = 3.5, T = 25 °C 1 mM | [11] |
NaD1 Nicotiana alata | 1MR4 4AAZ 4AB0 4CQK 6B55 | Monomer Dimer 7-mer of dimers | NMR x-ray x-ray x-ray x-ray | H2O/D2O T = 25, 30, 37 °C 1.5 mM complex with PIP2complex with PA | [64] [65] [65] [66] [67] |
NsD7 Nicotiana suaveolens | 5KK4 5VYP | Dimer 6-mer of dimers | x-ray | complex with PA complex with PIP2 | [68] [69] |
NoD173 Nicotiana occidentalis | 6MRY | 6-mer of dimers | x-ray | [70] | |
SPE10 from Pachyrhizus erosus | 3PSM | Dimer | x-ray | [71] | |
TPP3 Solanum lycopersicum | 4UJ0 | Dimer | x-ray | [72] | |
OsAFP1 Oryza sativa | 6LCQ | Dimer | x-ray | [73] |
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Kovaleva, V.; Bukhteeva, I.; Kit, O.Y.; Nesmelova, I.V. Plant Defensins from a Structural Perspective. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 5307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155307
Kovaleva V, Bukhteeva I, Kit OY, Nesmelova IV. Plant Defensins from a Structural Perspective. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(15):5307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155307
Chicago/Turabian StyleKovaleva, Valentina, Irina Bukhteeva, Oleg Y. Kit, and Irina V. Nesmelova. 2020. "Plant Defensins from a Structural Perspective" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 15: 5307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155307