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Review

Signalling Pathways Implicated in Alzheimer′s Disease Neurodegeneration in Individuals with and without Down Syndrome

by
Carmen Martínez-Cué
* and
Noemí Rueda
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(18), 6906; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186906
Submission received: 31 August 2020 / Revised: 17 September 2020 / Accepted: 18 September 2020 / Published: 20 September 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cell Signaling in Neurodegeneration)

Abstract

Down syndrome (DS), the most common cause of intellectual disability of genetic origin, is characterized by alterations in central nervous system morphology and function that appear from early prenatal stages. However, by the fourth decade of life, all individuals with DS develop neuropathology identical to that found in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD), including the development of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles due to hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, loss of neurons and synapses, reduced neurogenesis, enhanced oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation. It has been proposed that DS could be a useful model for studying the etiopathology of AD and to search for therapeutic targets. There is increasing evidence that the neuropathological events associated with AD are interrelated and that many of them not only are implicated in the onset of this pathology but are also a consequence of other alterations. Thus, a feedback mechanism exists between them. In this review, we summarize the signalling pathways implicated in each of the main neuropathological aspects of AD in individuals with and without DS as well as the interrelation of these pathways.
Keywords: Down syndrome; Alzheimer’s disease; signalling pathways; neurodegeneration Down syndrome; Alzheimer’s disease; signalling pathways; neurodegeneration

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MDPI and ACS Style

Martínez-Cué, C.; Rueda, N. Signalling Pathways Implicated in Alzheimer′s Disease Neurodegeneration in Individuals with and without Down Syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 6906. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186906

AMA Style

Martínez-Cué C, Rueda N. Signalling Pathways Implicated in Alzheimer′s Disease Neurodegeneration in Individuals with and without Down Syndrome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(18):6906. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186906

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martínez-Cué, Carmen, and Noemí Rueda. 2020. "Signalling Pathways Implicated in Alzheimer′s Disease Neurodegeneration in Individuals with and without Down Syndrome" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 18: 6906. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186906

APA Style

Martínez-Cué, C., & Rueda, N. (2020). Signalling Pathways Implicated in Alzheimer′s Disease Neurodegeneration in Individuals with and without Down Syndrome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(18), 6906. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186906

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