Valeric Acid Protects Dopaminergic Neurons by Suppressing Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation and Modulating Autophagy Pathways
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Valeric Acid Prevented Rotenone Induced Oxidative Stress in Rats
2.2. Valeric Acid Ameliorated Rotenone Induced Neuroinflammation
2.3. Valeric Acid Diminished the Activation of Microglia and Astrocytes
2.4. Valeric Acid Cosseted Dopaminergic Neurons against Rotenone Toxicity
2.5. Valeric Acid Prevented α-Synuclein Aggregation in PD Rats
2.6. Valeric Acid Hindered Neuronal Apoptosis by Reinstating mTOR Pathway
2.7. Valeric Acid Prevented Rotenone Toxicity via Regulating Autophagy
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Experimental Animals and Ethics Statement
4.2. Chemicals and Reagents
4.3. Experimental Design
4.4. Tissue Processing
4.5. Malondialdehyde Assay
4.6. Quantification of Reduced Glutathione
4.7. Assay for Antioxidant Enzyme Activities
4.8. Estimation of Nitrite Levels
4.9. Proinflammatory Cytokines and MMP-9 ELISA Assay
4.10. Assessment of Microglia and Astrocyte Activation by Immunofluorescence Staining
4.11. Quantification of Activated Astrocytes and Microglia in the Striatum
4.12. Immunoblot Analysis
4.13. Immunohistochemistry Analysis
4.14. Assessment of TH-Ir Dopaminergic Neurons and TH-Ir Dopamine Nerve Fibers Loss
4.15. Protein Estimation
4.16. Statistics
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
PD | Parkinson’s disease |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
GFAP | Glial fibrillary acidic protein |
Cox-2 | Cyclooxygenase 2 |
iNOS | Inducible nitric oxide synthase |
Rot | Rotenone |
SOD | Superoxide dismutase |
CAT | Catalase |
TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor-alpha |
IL-1β | Interleukin-1β |
Iba-1 | Ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 |
TH | Tyrosine hydrolase |
LC3B | Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta |
mTOR | Mammalian target of rapamycin |
4E-BP1 | Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)-binding protein 1 |
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Jayaraj, R.L.; Beiram, R.; Azimullah, S.; MF, N.M.; Ojha, S.K.; Adem, A.; Jalal, F.Y. Valeric Acid Protects Dopaminergic Neurons by Suppressing Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation and Modulating Autophagy Pathways. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 7670. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207670
Jayaraj RL, Beiram R, Azimullah S, MF NM, Ojha SK, Adem A, Jalal FY. Valeric Acid Protects Dopaminergic Neurons by Suppressing Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation and Modulating Autophagy Pathways. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(20):7670. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207670
Chicago/Turabian StyleJayaraj, Richard L., Rami Beiram, Sheikh Azimullah, Nagoor Meeran MF, Shreesh K. Ojha, Abdu Adem, and Fakhreya Yousuf Jalal. 2020. "Valeric Acid Protects Dopaminergic Neurons by Suppressing Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation and Modulating Autophagy Pathways" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 20: 7670. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207670