Deimination, Intermediate Filaments and Associated Proteins
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Five Human PADs, Their Differential Expression, Localization and Implication
3. Deimination of IF Proteins, Impact on Their Polymerization and Solubility
4. Deimination of IFAP, Impact on Their Proteolysis
5. Hypercitrullination or Hypocitrullination
6. Proteomic Approaches of “Citrullinomes”
7. Major highlights and Summary
- Influences their polymerization and interaction
- Increases their solubility in low ionic strength buffer
- Promotes their proteolysis by several peptidases
- Promotes their cross-linking by transglutaminases
- By various exogenous environmental stimuli (chemical trauma, pressure and atmospheric dryness)
- By various chemical or biological agents (retinoic acid, calcium ionophores and inductors of apoptosis or NETosis)
- In many pathological contexts (rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, cancers, etc.)
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CCCA | Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia |
GFAP | Glial fibrous acidic protein |
IF | Intermediate filament |
IFAP | Intermediate filament associated protein |
MBP | Myelin basic protein |
NETosis | Neutrophil extracellular trap activation and release |
PAD | Peptidylarginine deiminase |
UHS | Uncombable Hair Syndrome |
References
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Proteins | Abbreviation | Uniprot Identifier | Type | Mass (kDa) | Cell Type/ Compartment | References 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Cyto)-keratin | CK or K | >50 genes | I (acidic) | 40–60 | Keratinocyte/cytosol (epidermis, hair follicle, nail) | [17,18,19] |
II (basic) | 50–70 | |||||
Vimentin | VIM | P08670 | III | 54 | Mesenchymal cell/cytosol | [20,21] |
Desmin | DES | P17661 | III | 54 | Muscular cell/sarcomere | / |
Glial fibrillary acidic protein | GFAP | P14136 | III | 50 | Glial cell, astrocyte/cytosol | [22] |
Peripherin | PRPH | P14136 | III | 54 | Peripheral neuron/cytosol | / |
Neurofilaments | NF-L | P07196 | IV | 62 | Neuronal axon/cytosol | / |
NF-M | P07197 | IV | 102 | Neuronal axon/cytosol | ||
NF-H | P12036 | IV | 112 | Neuronal axon/cytosol | ||
Nestin | NES | P48681 | IV | 177 | Neuroepithelial cell | / |
Lamin A/C | LMNA | P02545 | V | 74 | Nuclear lamina and nucleoplasm | [23] |
Lamin B | LMNB1 | P20700 | V | 66 | Nuclear lamina and nucleoplasm | / |
LMNB2 | Q03252 | V | 68 | Nuclear lamina and nucleoplasm | ||
Filensin | BFSP1 | Q12934 | VI | 75 | Lens epithelial cell | / |
Phakinin | BFSP2 | Q13515 | VI | 46 | Lens epithelial cell | / |
(Pro)filaggrin | FLG | P20930 | IFAP | >250/37 | Granular keratinocyte | [17,18,19,22] |
Trichohyalin | TCHH | Q07283 | IFAP | >250 | Hair follicle keratinocyte (IRS, medulla)/cytosol | [13,24,25,26] |
Observed PTMs (√) | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proteins | Phosphorylation | O-Linked Glycosylation | Ubiquitination | Sumoylation | Acetylation | Transamidation | Farnesylation | ADP-Ribosylation | Proteolysis | Cross-linked | N-Acylation | GTP-Ribosylation | Deamidation | Arg. Methylation | S-Palmitoylation | Deimination 1 |
Keratins | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||
Lamins | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||
Vimentin | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||
GFAP | √ | √ | ||||||||||||||
Neurofilaments | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Desmin | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
(Pro)Filaggrin | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
TCHH | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
MBP 2 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||
PADs | √ | √ 3 | √ 4 |
Genes | OMIM | Diseases or Human Gene Identification | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
PADI1 | 607934 | PADI1 cDNA cloning from a normal human keratinocyte library | [41] |
PADI2 | 607935 | PADI2 cDNA cloning from a human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma | [69] |
PADI3 | 606755 | PADI3 cDNA cloning from cultured human keratinocytes | [70] |
191480 | Uncombable hair syndrome (UHS) | [66] | |
618352 | Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA) | [67] | |
PADI4 | 605347 | PADI4 cDNA cloning from cultured human keratinocytes | [48] |
180300 | Haplotypes associated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | [71,72,73] | |
PADI6 | 610363 | PADI6 cDNA cloning from a normal human ovary library | [40] |
Proteomic identification in mouse eggs (ePAD) | [74] | ||
617234 | Preimplantation embryonic lethality-2 (PREMBL-2) | [75,76] |
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Briot, J.; Simon, M.; Méchin, M.-C. Deimination, Intermediate Filaments and Associated Proteins. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 8746. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228746
Briot J, Simon M, Méchin M-C. Deimination, Intermediate Filaments and Associated Proteins. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(22):8746. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228746
Chicago/Turabian StyleBriot, Julie, Michel Simon, and Marie-Claire Méchin. 2020. "Deimination, Intermediate Filaments and Associated Proteins" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 22: 8746. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228746