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Int. J. Mol. Sci., Volume 21, Issue 22 (November-2 2020) – 466 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): In drug research, assays with proximal readout are of great importance to study target-specific effects of potential drug candidates. In this study, we report on the application of the split-NanoLuc to all four histamine receptor (HR) subtypes and recently published mini-G proteins. A modern, live-cell-based assay with nonradioactive readout was established, and we demonstrated its usefulness to functionally characterize HR agonists and antagonists. High signal amplitudes and excellent dynamic ranges, originating from the combination of the split-luciferase complementation technique with cytosolic G protein chimeras, are advantageous. In prospective studies, especially the kinetic options of the reported assay might contribute to the design and optimization of ligand scaffolds and provide a deeper insight into signal formation and transduction. View this paper
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26 pages, 1200 KiB  
Review
Role of Bioactive Peptide Sequences in the Potential Impact of Dairy Protein Intake on Metabolic Health
by Giovanni Tulipano
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8881; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228881 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4884
Abstract
For years, there has been an increasing move towards elucidating the complexities of how food can interplay with the signalling networks underlying energy homeostasis and glycaemic control. Dairy foods can be regarded as the greatest source of proteins and peptides with various health [...] Read more.
For years, there has been an increasing move towards elucidating the complexities of how food can interplay with the signalling networks underlying energy homeostasis and glycaemic control. Dairy foods can be regarded as the greatest source of proteins and peptides with various health benefits and are a well-recognized source of bioactive compounds. A number of dairy protein-derived peptide sequences with the ability to modulate functions related to the control of food intake, body weight gain and glucose homeostasis have been isolated and characterized. Their being active in vivo may be questionable mainly due to expected low bioavailability after ingestion, and hence their real contribution to the metabolic impact of dairy protein intake needs to be discussed. Some reports suggest that the differential effects of dairy proteins—in particular whey proteins—on mechanisms underlying energy balance and glucose-homeostasis may be attributed to their unique amino acid composition and hence the release of free amino acid mixtures enriched in essential amino acids (i.e., branched-chain-amino acids) upon digestion. Actually, the research reports reviewed in this article suggest that, among a number of dairy protein-derived peptides isolated and characterized as bioactive compounds in vitro, some peptides can be active in vivo post-oral administration through a local action in the gut, or, alternatively, a systemic action on specific molecular targets after entering the systemic circulation. Moreover, these studies highlight the importance of the enteroendocrine system in the cross talk between food proteins and the neuroendocrine network regulating energy balance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Peptides for Health Benefits 2020)
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30 pages, 4164 KiB  
Article
GOLPH3 Regulates EGFR in T98G Glioblastoma Cells by Modulating Its Glycosylation and Ubiquitylation
by Cecilia Arriagada, Viviana A. Cavieres, Charlotte Luchsinger, Alexis E. González, Vanessa C. Muñoz, Jorge Cancino, Patricia V. Burgos and Gonzalo A. Mardones
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8880; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228880 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4675
Abstract
Protein trafficking is altered when normal cells acquire a tumor phenotype. A key subcellular compartment in regulating protein trafficking is the Golgi apparatus, but its role in carcinogenesis is still not well defined. Golgi phosphoprotein 3 (GOLPH3), a peripheral membrane protein mostly localized [...] Read more.
Protein trafficking is altered when normal cells acquire a tumor phenotype. A key subcellular compartment in regulating protein trafficking is the Golgi apparatus, but its role in carcinogenesis is still not well defined. Golgi phosphoprotein 3 (GOLPH3), a peripheral membrane protein mostly localized at the trans-Golgi network, is overexpressed in several tumor types including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most lethal primary brain tumor. Moreover, GOLPH3 is currently considered an oncoprotein, however its precise function in GBM is not fully understood. Here, we analyzed in T98G cells of GBM, which express high levels of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), the effect of stable RNAi-mediated knockdown of GOLPH3. We found that silencing GOLPH3 caused a significant reduction in the proliferation of T98G cells and an unexpected increase in total EGFR levels, even at the cell surface, which was however less prone to ligand-induced autophosphorylation. Furthermore, silencing GOLPH3 decreased EGFR sialylation and fucosylation, which correlated with delayed ligand-induced EGFR downregulation and its accumulation at endo-lysosomal compartments. Finally, we found that EGF failed at promoting EGFR ubiquitylation when the levels of GOLPH3 were reduced. Altogether, our results show that GOLPH3 in T98G cells regulates the endocytic trafficking and activation of EGFR likely by affecting its extent of glycosylation and ubiquitylation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Oncology)
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19 pages, 806 KiB  
Review
Abnormal Expression of Mitochondrial Ribosomal Proteins and Their Encoding Genes with Cell Apoptosis and Diseases
by Guomin Huang, Hongyan Li and Hong Zhang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8879; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228879 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 58 | Viewed by 7072
Abstract
Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomes translate 13 proteins encoded by mitochondrial genes, all of which play roles in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. After a long period of reconstruction, mitochondrial ribosomes are the most protein-rich ribosomes. Mitochondrial ribosomal proteins (MRPs) are encoded by nuclear genes, synthesized [...] Read more.
Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomes translate 13 proteins encoded by mitochondrial genes, all of which play roles in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. After a long period of reconstruction, mitochondrial ribosomes are the most protein-rich ribosomes. Mitochondrial ribosomal proteins (MRPs) are encoded by nuclear genes, synthesized in the cytoplasm and then, transported to the mitochondria to be assembled into mitochondrial ribosomes. MRPs not only play a role in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Moreover, they participate in the regulation of cell state as apoptosis inducing factors. Abnormal expressions of MRPs will lead to mitochondrial metabolism disorder, cell dysfunction, etc. Many researches have demonstrated the abnormal expression of MRPs in various tumors. This paper reviews the basic structure of mitochondrial ribosome, focuses on the structure and function of MRPs, and their relationships with cell apoptosis and diseases. It provides a reference for the study of the function of MRPs and the disease diagnosis and treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry)
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21 pages, 2534 KiB  
Article
5′ Untranslated Region Elements Show High Abundance and Great Variability in Homologous ABCA Subfamily Genes
by Pavel Dvorak, Viktor Hlavac and Pavel Soucek
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8878; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228878 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2544
Abstract
The 12 members of the ABCA subfamily in humans are known for their ability to transport cholesterol and its derivatives, vitamins, and xenobiotics across biomembranes. Several ABCA genes are causatively linked to inborn diseases, and the role in cancer progression and metastasis is [...] Read more.
The 12 members of the ABCA subfamily in humans are known for their ability to transport cholesterol and its derivatives, vitamins, and xenobiotics across biomembranes. Several ABCA genes are causatively linked to inborn diseases, and the role in cancer progression and metastasis is studied intensively. The regulation of translation initiation is implicated as the major mechanism in the processes of post-transcriptional modifications determining final protein levels. In the current bioinformatics study, we mapped the features of the 5′ untranslated regions (5′UTR) known to have the potential to regulate translation, such as the length of 5′UTRs, upstream ATG codons, upstream open-reading frames, introns, RNA G-quadruplex-forming sequences, stem loops, and Kozak consensus motifs, in the DNA sequences of all members of the subfamily. Subsequently, the conservation of the features, correlations among them, ribosome profiling data as well as protein levels in normal human tissues were examined. The 5′UTRs of ABCA genes contain above-average numbers of upstream ATGs, open-reading frames and introns, as well as conserved ones, and these elements probably play important biological roles in this subfamily, unlike RG4s. Although we found significant correlations among the features, we did not find any correlation between the numbers of 5′UTR features and protein tissue distribution and expression scores. We showed the existence of single nucleotide variants in relation to the 5′UTR features experimentally in a cohort of 105 breast cancer patients. 5′UTR features presumably prepare a complex playground, in which the other elements such as RNA binding proteins and non-coding RNAs play the major role in the fine-tuning of protein expression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue ABC Transporters in Human Diseases)
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22 pages, 1695 KiB  
Review
The Impact of Radiation-Induced DNA Damage on cGAS-STING-Mediated Immune Responses to Cancer
by Quinn Storozynsky and Mary M. Hitt
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8877; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228877 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 123 | Viewed by 8364
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a major modality used to combat a wide range of cancers. Classical radiobiology principles categorize ionizing radiation (IR) as a direct cytocidal therapeutic agent against cancer; however, there is an emerging appreciation for additional antitumor immune responses generated by this modality. [...] Read more.
Radiotherapy is a major modality used to combat a wide range of cancers. Classical radiobiology principles categorize ionizing radiation (IR) as a direct cytocidal therapeutic agent against cancer; however, there is an emerging appreciation for additional antitumor immune responses generated by this modality. A more nuanced understanding of the immunological pathways induced by radiation could inform optimal therapeutic combinations to harness radiation-induced antitumor immunity and improve treatment outcomes of cancers refractory to current radiotherapy regimens. Here, we summarize how radiation-induced DNA damage leads to the activation of a cytosolic DNA sensing pathway mediated by cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING). The activation of cGAS–STING initiates innate immune signaling that facilitates adaptive immune responses to destroy cancer. In this way, cGAS–STING signaling bridges the DNA damaging capacity of IR with the activation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cell-mediated destruction of cancer—highlighting a molecular pathway radiotherapy can exploit to induce antitumor immune responses. In the context of radiotherapy, we further report on factors that enhance or inhibit cGAS–STING signaling, deleterious effects associated with cGAS–STING activation, and promising therapeutic candidates being investigated in combination with IR to bolster immune activation through engaging STING-signaling. A clearer understanding of how IR activates cGAS–STING signaling will inform immune-based treatment strategies to maximize the antitumor efficacy of radiotherapy, improving therapeutic outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Cellular Response to DNA Damage: From DNA Repair to Polyploidy and Beyond)
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18 pages, 4551 KiB  
Article
Fragments of gD Protein as Inhibitors of BTLA/HVEM Complex Formation - Design, Synthesis, and Cellular Studies
by Katarzyna Kuncewicz, Claire Battin, Adam Sieradzan, Agnieszka Karczyńska, Marta Orlikowska, Anna Wardowska, Michał Pikuła, Peter Steinberger, Sylwia Rodziewicz-Motowidło and Marta Spodzieja
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8876; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228876 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3725
Abstract
One of the major current trends in cancer immunotherapy is the blockade of immune checkpoint proteins that negatively regulate the immune response. This has been achieved through antibodies blocking PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4/CD80/CD86 interactions. Such antibodies have revolutionized oncological therapy and shown a new [...] Read more.
One of the major current trends in cancer immunotherapy is the blockade of immune checkpoint proteins that negatively regulate the immune response. This has been achieved through antibodies blocking PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4/CD80/CD86 interactions. Such antibodies have revolutionized oncological therapy and shown a new way to fight cancer. Additional (negative) immune checkpoints are also promising targets in cancer therapy and there is a demand for inhibitors for these molecules. Our studies are focused on BTLA/HVEM complex, which inhibits T-cell proliferation and cytokine production and therefore has great potential as a new target for cancer treatment. The goal of the presented studies was the design and synthesis of compounds able to block BTLA/HVEM interactions. For that purpose, the N-terminal fragment of glycoprotein D (gD), which interacts with HVEM, was used. Based on the crystal structure of the gD/HVEM complex and MM/GBSA analysis performed on it, several peptides were designed and synthesized as potential inhibitors of the BTLA/HVEM interaction. Affinity tests, ELISA tests, and cellular-based reporter assays were performed on these compounds to check their ability to bind to HVEM and to inhibit BTLA/HVEM complex formation. For leading peptides candidates, all-atom and subsequent docking simulations with a coarse-grained force field were performed to determine their binding modes. To further evaluate their potential as drug candidates, their stability in plasma and their cytotoxicity effects on PBMCs were assessed. Our data indicate that the peptide gD(1-36)(K10C-T29C) is the best candidate as a future drug. It interacts with HVEM protein, blocks the BTLA/HVEM interaction, and is nontoxic to cells. The present study provides a new perspective on the development of BTLA/HVEM inhibitors that disrupt protein interactions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Immunotherapy Using Checkpoint Inhibitors: Future Directions 2.0)
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17 pages, 5092 KiB  
Article
GLP-2 Prevents Neuronal and Glial Changes in the Distal Colon of Mice Chronically Treated with Cisplatin
by Patrizia Nardini, Alessandro Pini, Anne Bessard, Emilie Duchalais, Elena Niccolai, Michel Neunlist and Maria Giuliana Vannucchi
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8875; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228875 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3287
Abstract
Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent widely used for the treatment of solid cancers. Its administration is commonly associated with acute and chronic gastrointestinal dysfunctions, likely related to mucosal and enteric nervous system (ENS) injuries, respectively. Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a pleiotropic hormone exerting [...] Read more.
Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent widely used for the treatment of solid cancers. Its administration is commonly associated with acute and chronic gastrointestinal dysfunctions, likely related to mucosal and enteric nervous system (ENS) injuries, respectively. Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a pleiotropic hormone exerting trophic/reparative activities on the intestine, via antiapoptotic and pro-proliferating pathways, to guarantee mucosal integrity, energy absorption and motility. Further, it possesses anti-inflammatory properties. Presently, cisplatin acute and chronic damages and GLP-2 protective effects were investigated in the mouse distal colon using histological, immunohistochemical and biochemical techniques. The mice received cisplatin and the degradation-resistant GLP-2 analog ([Gly2]GLP-2) for 4 weeks. Cisplatin-treated mice showed mucosal damage, inflammation, IL-1β and IL-10 increase; decreased number of total neurons, ChAT- and nNOS-immunoreactive (IR) neurons; loss of SOX-10-IR cells and reduced expression of GFAP- and S100β-glial markers in the myenteric plexus. [Gly2]GLP-2 co-treatment partially prevented mucosal damage and counteracted the increase in cytokines and the loss of nNOS-IR and SOX-10-IR cells but not that of ChAT-IR neurons. Our data demonstrate that cisplatin causes mucosal injuries, neuropathy and gliopathy and that [Gly2]GLP-2 prevents these injuries, partially reducing mucosal inflammation and inducing ENS remodeling. Hence, this analog could represent an effective strategy to overcome colonic injures induced by cisplatin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathophysiology in Colonic Diseases)
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14 pages, 25588 KiB  
Article
Administration of Human MSC-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for the Treatment of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Preclinical Data in MDR2 Knockout Mice
by Roberta Angioni, Bianca Calì, Vasanthy Vigneswara, Marika Crescenzi, Ana Merino, Ricardo Sánchez-Rodríguez, Cristina Liboni, Martin J. Hoogduijn, Philip Noel Newsome, Maurizio Muraca, Francesco Paolo Russo and Antonella Viola
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8874; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228874 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4509
Abstract
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC) is a progressive liver disease for which there is no effective medical therapy. PSC belongs to the family of immune-mediated biliary disorders and it is characterized by persistent biliary inflammation and fibrosis. Here, we explored the possibility of using [...] Read more.
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC) is a progressive liver disease for which there is no effective medical therapy. PSC belongs to the family of immune-mediated biliary disorders and it is characterized by persistent biliary inflammation and fibrosis. Here, we explored the possibility of using extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from human, bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) to target liver inflammation and reduce fibrosis in a mouse model of PSC. Five-week-old male FVB.129P2-Abcb4tm1Bor mice were intraperitoneally injected with either 100 µL of EVs (± 9.1 × 109 particles/mL) or PBS, once a week, for three consecutive weeks. One week after the last injection, mice were sacrificed and liver and blood collected for flow cytometry analysis and transaminase quantification. In FVB.129P2-Abcb4tm1Bor mice, EV administration resulted in reduced serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bile acid (BA), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as well as in decreased liver fibrosis. Mechanistically, we observed that EVs reduce liver accumulation of both granulocytes and T cells and dampen VCAM-1 expression. Further analysis revealed that the therapeutic effect of EVs is accompanied by the inhibition of NFkB activation in proximity of the portal triad. Our pre-clinical experiments suggest that EVs isolated from MSCs may represent an effective therapeutic strategy to treat patients suffering from PSC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry)
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33 pages, 1073 KiB  
Review
Combination Therapy to Treat Fungal Biofilm-Based Infections
by Jana Tits, Bruno P. A. Cammue and Karin Thevissen
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8873; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228873 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 5593
Abstract
An increasing number of people is affected by fungal biofilm-based infections, which are resistant to the majority of currently-used antifungal drugs. Such infections are often caused by species from the genera Candida, Aspergillus or Cryptococcus. Only a few antifungal drugs, including echinocandins and [...] Read more.
An increasing number of people is affected by fungal biofilm-based infections, which are resistant to the majority of currently-used antifungal drugs. Such infections are often caused by species from the genera Candida, Aspergillus or Cryptococcus. Only a few antifungal drugs, including echinocandins and liposomal formulations of amphotericin B, are available to treat such biofilm-based fungal infections. This review discusses combination therapy as a novel antibiofilm strategy. More specifically, in vitro methods to discover new antibiofilm combinations will be discussed. Furthermore, an overview of the main modes of action of promising antibiofilm combination treatments will be provided as this knowledge may facilitate the optimization of existing antibiofilm combinations or the development of new ones with a similar mode of action. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Biofilms and Antibiofilm Agents)
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22 pages, 3445 KiB  
Article
Hypoxia-Responsive Class III Peroxidases in Maize Roots: Soluble and Membrane-Bound Isoenzymes
by Anne Hofmann, Stefanie Wienkoop, Sönke Harder, Fabian Bartlog and Sabine Lüthje
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8872; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228872 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4227
Abstract
Flooding induces low-oxygen environments (hypoxia or anoxia) that lead to energy disruption and an imbalance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and scavenging enzymes in plants. The influence of hypoxia on roots of hydroponically grown maize (Zea mays L.) plants was investigated. [...] Read more.
Flooding induces low-oxygen environments (hypoxia or anoxia) that lead to energy disruption and an imbalance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and scavenging enzymes in plants. The influence of hypoxia on roots of hydroponically grown maize (Zea mays L.) plants was investigated. Gene expression (RNA Seq and RT-qPCR) and proteome (LC–MS/MS and 2D-PAGE) analyses were used to determine the alterations in soluble and membrane-bound class III peroxidases under hypoxia. Gel-free peroxidase analyses of plasma membrane-bound proteins showed an increased abundance of ZmPrx03, ZmPrx24, ZmPrx81, and ZmPr85 in stressed samples. Furthermore, RT-qPCR analyses of the corresponding peroxidase genes revealed an increased expression. These peroxidases could be separated with 2D-PAGE and identified by mass spectrometry. An increased abundance of ZmPrx03 and ZmPrx85 was determined. Further peroxidases were identified in detergent-insoluble membranes. Co-regulation with a respiratory burst oxidase homolog (Rboh) and key enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway indicates a function of the peroxidases in membrane protection, aerenchyma formation, and cell wall remodeling under hypoxia. This hypothesis was supported by the following: (i) an elevated level of hydrogen peroxide and aerenchyma formation; (ii) an increased guaiacol peroxidase activity in membrane fractions of stressed samples, whereas a decrease was observed in soluble fractions; and (iii) alterations in lignified cells, cellulose, and suberin in root cross-sections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Proteomic Research 3.0)
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16 pages, 2918 KiB  
Article
TBP-Related Factor 2 as a Trigger for Robertsonian Translocations and Speciation
by Roman O. Cherezov, Julia E. Vorontsova and Olga B. Simonova
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8871; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228871 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3065
Abstract
Robertsonian (centric-fusion) translocation is the form of chromosomal translocation in which two long arms of acrocentric chromosomes are fused to form one metacentric. These translocations reduce the number of chromosomes while preserving existing genes and are considered to contribute to speciation. We asked [...] Read more.
Robertsonian (centric-fusion) translocation is the form of chromosomal translocation in which two long arms of acrocentric chromosomes are fused to form one metacentric. These translocations reduce the number of chromosomes while preserving existing genes and are considered to contribute to speciation. We asked whether hypomorphic mutations in genes that disrupt the formation of pericentromeric regions could lead to centric fusion. TBP-related factor 2 (Trf2) encodes an alternative general transcription factor. A decrease of TRF2 expression disrupts the structure of the pericentromeric regions and prevents their association into chromocenter. We revealed several centric fusions in two lines of Drosophila melanogaster with weak Trf2 alleles in genetic experiments. We performed an RNAi-mediated knock-down of Trf2 in Drosophila and S2 cells and demonstrated that Trf2 upregulates expression of D1—one of the major genes responsible for chromocenter formation and nuclear integrity in Drosophila. Our data, for the first time, indicate that Trf2 may be involved in transcription program responsible for structuring of pericentromeric regions and may contribute to new karyotypes formation in particular by promoting centric fusion. Insight into the molecular mechanisms of Trf2 function and its new targets in different tissues will contribute to our understanding of its phenomenon. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Variability and Flexibility of the Genome)
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21 pages, 2474 KiB  
Review
Cannabidiol for Pain Treatment: Focus on Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action
by Jakub Mlost, Marta Bryk and Katarzyna Starowicz
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8870; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228870 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 158 | Viewed by 30949
Abstract
Cannabis has a long history of medical use. Although there are many cannabinoids present in cannabis, Δ9tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the two components found in the highest concentrations. CBD itself does not produce typical behavioral cannabimimetic effects and was thought not [...] Read more.
Cannabis has a long history of medical use. Although there are many cannabinoids present in cannabis, Δ9tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the two components found in the highest concentrations. CBD itself does not produce typical behavioral cannabimimetic effects and was thought not to be responsible for psychotropic effects of cannabis. Numerous anecdotal findings testify to the therapeutic effects of CBD, which in some cases were further supported by research findings. However, data regarding CBD’s mechanism of action and therapeutic potential are abundant and omnifarious. Therefore, we review the basic research regarding molecular mechanism of CBD’s action with particular focus on its analgesic potential. Moreover, this article describes the detailed analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of CBD in various models, including neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, osteoarthritis and others. The dose and route of the administration-dependent effect of CBD, on the reduction in pain, hyperalgesia or allodynia, as well as the production of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines, were described depending on the disease model. The clinical applications of CBD-containing drugs are also mentioned. The data presented herein unravel what is known about CBD’s pharmacodynamics and analgesic effects to provide the reader with current state-of-art knowledge regarding CBD’s action and future perspectives for research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cannabidiol: New Vistas of Its Molecular Mechanisms, Biological Effects and Therapeutic Application)
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18 pages, 4843 KiB  
Article
Wild Soybean Oxalyl-CoA Synthetase Degrades Oxalate and Affects the Tolerance to Cadmium and Aluminum Stresses
by Peiqi Xian, Zhandong Cai, Yanbo Cheng, Rongbin Lin, Tengxiang Lian, Qibin Ma and Hai Nian
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8869; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228869 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 3470
Abstract
Acyl activating enzyme 3 (AAE3) was identified as being involved in the acetylation pathway of oxalate degradation, which regulates the responses to biotic and abiotic stresses in various higher plants. Here, we investigated the role of Glycine sojaAAE3 (GsAAE3) in [...] Read more.
Acyl activating enzyme 3 (AAE3) was identified as being involved in the acetylation pathway of oxalate degradation, which regulates the responses to biotic and abiotic stresses in various higher plants. Here, we investigated the role of Glycine sojaAAE3 (GsAAE3) in Cadmium (Cd) and Aluminum (Al) tolerances. The recombinant GsAAE3 protein showed high activity toward oxalate, with a Km of 105.10 ± 12.30 μM and Vmax of 12.64 ± 0.34 μmol min−1 mg−1 protein, suggesting that it functions as an oxalyl–CoA synthetase. The expression of a GsAAE3–green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein in tobacco leaves did not reveal a specific subcellular localization pattern of GsAAE3. An analysis of the GsAAE3 expression pattern revealed an increase in GsAAE3 expression in response to Cd and Al stresses, and it is mainly expressed in root tips. Furthermore, oxalate accumulation induced by Cd and Al contributes to the inhibition of root growth in wild soybean. Importantly, GsAAE3 overexpression increases Cd and Al tolerances in A. thaliana and soybean hairy roots, which is associated with a decrease in oxalate accumulation. Taken together, our data provide evidence that the GsAAE3-encoded protein plays an important role in coping with Cd and Al stresses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Stress and Plants)
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17 pages, 3399 KiB  
Article
Genetic Deletion of NOD1 Prevents Cardiac Ca2+ Mishandling Induced by Experimental Chronic Kidney Disease
by Marta Gil-Fernández, José Alberto Navarro-García, Almudena Val-Blasco, Laura González-Lafuente, José Carlos Martínez, Angélica Rueda, Maria Tamayo, José Luis Morgado, Carlos Zaragoza, Luis Miguel Ruilope, Carmen Delgado, Gema Ruiz-Hurtado and María Fernández-Velasco
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8868; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228868 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3055
Abstract
Risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) increases considerably as renal function declines in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1) has emerged as a novel innate immune receptor involved in both CVD and CKD. Following activation, NOD1 undergoes a conformational change [...] Read more.
Risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) increases considerably as renal function declines in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1) has emerged as a novel innate immune receptor involved in both CVD and CKD. Following activation, NOD1 undergoes a conformational change that allows the activation of the receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 2 (RIP2), promoting an inflammatory response. We evaluated whether the genetic deficiency of Nod1 or Rip2 in mice could prevent cardiac Ca2+ mishandling induced by sixth nephrectomy (Nx), a model of CKD. We examined intracellular Ca2+ dynamics in cardiomyocytes from Wild-type (Wt), Nod1−/− and Rip2−/− sham-operated or nephrectomized mice. Compared with Wt cardiomyocytes, Wt-Nx cells showed an impairment in the properties and kinetics of the intracellular Ca2+ transients, a reduction in both cell shortening and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ load, together with an increase in diastolic Ca2+ leak. Cardiomyocytes from Nod1−/−-Nx and Rip2−/−-Nx mice showed a significant amelioration in Ca2+ mishandling without modifying the kidney impairment induced by Nx. In conclusion, Nod1 and Rip2 deficiency prevents the intracellular Ca2+ mishandling induced by experimental CKD, unveiling new innate immune targets for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies to reduce cardiac complications in patients with CKD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Calcium Mishandling, Inflammation, microRNAs and Their Role in the Adverse Cardiovascular Remodelling)
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17 pages, 4043 KiB  
Article
Identification of Two Novel Circular RNAs Deriving from BCL2L12 and Investigation of Their Potential Value as a Molecular Signature in Colorectal Cancer
by Paraskevi Karousi, Pinelopi I. Artemaki, Christina D. Sotiropoulou, Spyridon Christodoulou, Andreas Scorilas and Christos K. Kontos
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8867; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228867 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3904
Abstract
The utility of circular RNAs (circRNAs) as molecular biomarkers has recently emerged. However, only a handful of them have already been studied in colorectal cancer (CRC). The purpose of this study was to identify new circRNAs deriving from BCL2L12, a member of [...] Read more.
The utility of circular RNAs (circRNAs) as molecular biomarkers has recently emerged. However, only a handful of them have already been studied in colorectal cancer (CRC). The purpose of this study was to identify new circRNAs deriving from BCL2L12, a member of the BCL2 apoptosis-related family, and investigate their potential as biomarkers in CRC. Total RNA extracts from CRC cell lines and tissue samples were reversely transcribed. By combining PCR with divergent primers and nested PCR followed by Sanger sequencing, we were able to discover two BCL2L12 circRNAs. Subsequently, bioinformatical tools were used to predict the interactions of these circRNAs with microRNAs (miRNAs) and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Following a PCR-based pre-amplification, real-time qPCR was carried out for the quantification of each circRNA in CRC samples and cell lines. Biostatistical analysis was used to assess their potential prognostic value in CRC. Both novel BCL2L12 circRNAs likely interact with particular miRNAs and RBPs. Interestingly, circ-BCL2L12-2 expression is inversely associated with TNM stage, while circ-BCL2L12-1 overexpression is associated with shorter overall survival in CRC, particularly among TNM stage II patients. Overall, we identified two novel BCL2L12 circRNAs, one of which can further stratify TNM stage II patients into two subgroups with substantially distinct prognosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Biomarkers in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma)
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18 pages, 1329 KiB  
Review
Unraveling the Role of Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Coronary Artery Disease: Partners in Crime?
by Glória Conceição, Diana Martins, Isabel M. Miranda, Adelino F. Leite-Moreira, Rui Vitorino and Inês Falcão-Pires
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8866; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228866 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5244
Abstract
The role of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) in the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease (CAD) remains unclear. The present systematic review aimed at compiling dysregulated proteins/genes from different studies to dissect the potential role of EAT in CAD pathophysiology. Exhaustive literature research was [...] Read more.
The role of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) in the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease (CAD) remains unclear. The present systematic review aimed at compiling dysregulated proteins/genes from different studies to dissect the potential role of EAT in CAD pathophysiology. Exhaustive literature research was performed using the keywords “epicardial adipose tissue and coronary artery disease”, to highlight a group of proteins that were consistently regulated among all studies. Reactome, a pathway analysis database, was used to clarify the function of the selected proteins and their intertwined association. SignalP/SecretomeP was used to clarify the endocrine function of the selected proteins. Overall, 1886 proteins/genes were identified from 44 eligible studies. The proteins were separated according to the control used in each study (EAT non-CAD or subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) CAD) and by their regulation (up- or downregulated). Using a Venn diagram, we selected the proteins that were upregulated and downregulated (identified as 27 and 19, respectively) in EAT CAD for both comparisons. The analysis of these proteins revealed the main pathways altered in the EAT and how they could communicate with the heart, potentially contributing to CAD development. In summary, in this study, the identified dysregulated proteins highlight the importance of inflammatory processes to modulate the local environment and the progression of CAD, by cellular and metabolic adaptations of epicardial fat that facilitate the formation and progression of atherogenesis of coronaries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atherosclerotic and Cardiometabolic Disease: From Molecular Basis to Therapeutic Advances)
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16 pages, 1959 KiB  
Article
Taurine Attenuates Catabolic Processes Related to the Onset of Sarcopenia
by Alessandra Barbiera, Silvia Sorrentino, Elisa Lepore, Andrea Carfì, Gigliola Sica, Gabriella Dobrowolny and Bianca Maria Scicchitano
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8865; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228865 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4621
Abstract
Sarcopenia that occurs with advancing age is characterized by a gradual loss of muscle protein component due to the activation of catabolic pathways, increased level of inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Experimental evidence demonstrates that several physio-pathological processes involved in the onset of sarcopenia [...] Read more.
Sarcopenia that occurs with advancing age is characterized by a gradual loss of muscle protein component due to the activation of catabolic pathways, increased level of inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Experimental evidence demonstrates that several physio-pathological processes involved in the onset of sarcopenia may be counteracted by the intake of specific amino acids or antioxidant molecules, suggesting that diet may represent an effective strategy for improving the anabolic response of muscle during aging. The non-essential amino acid taurine is highly expressed in several mammalian tissues, including skeletal muscle where it is involved in the ion channel regulation, in the modulation of intracellular calcium concentration, and where it plays an important role as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory factor. Here, with the purpose to reproduce the chronic low-grade inflammation characteristics of senescent muscle in an in vitro system, we exploited the role of Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF) and we analyzed the effect of taurine in the modulation of different signaling pathways known to be dysregulated in sarcopenia. We demonstrated that the administration of high levels of taurine in myogenic L6 cells stimulates the differentiation process by downregulating the expression of molecules involved in inflammatory pathways and modulating processes such as autophagy and apoptosis. Although further studies are currently ongoing in our laboratory to better elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the positive effect of taurine on myogenic differentiation, this study suggests that taurine supplementation may represent a strategy to delay the loss of mass and functionality characteristic of senescent muscles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Musculoskeletal Aging and Sarcopenia in the Elderly)
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17 pages, 10388 KiB  
Review
Deciphering the Immunological Phenomenon of Adaptive Natural Killer (NK) Cells and Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
by Samantha Barnes, Ophelia Schilizzi, Katherine M. Audsley, Hannah V. Newnes and Bree Foley
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8864; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228864 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4687
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a significant and vital role in the first line of defense against infection through their ability to target cells without prior sensitization. They also contribute significantly to the activation and recruitment of both innate and adaptive immune cells [...] Read more.
Natural killer (NK) cells play a significant and vital role in the first line of defense against infection through their ability to target cells without prior sensitization. They also contribute significantly to the activation and recruitment of both innate and adaptive immune cells through the production of a range of cytokines and chemokines. In the context of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, NK cells and CMV have co-evolved side by side to employ several mechanisms to evade one another. However, during this co-evolution the discovery of a subset of long-lived NK cells with enhanced effector potential, increased antibody-dependent responses and the potential to mediate immune memory has revolutionized the field of NK cell biology. The ability of a virus to imprint on the NK cell receptor repertoire resulting in the expansion of diverse, highly functional NK cells to this day remains a significant immunological phenomenon that only occurs in the context of CMV. Here we review our current understanding of the development of these NK cells, commonly referred to as adaptive NK cells and their current role in transplantation, infection, vaccination and cancer immunotherapy to decipher the complex role of CMV in dictating NK cell functional fate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Unravelling the Mysteries of Cytomegalovirus)
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28 pages, 1683 KiB  
Article
Effects of Excess Manganese on the Xylem Sap Protein Profile of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) as Revealed by Shotgun Proteomic Analysis
by Laura Ceballos-Laita, Elain Gutierrez-Carbonell, Daisuke Takahashi, Andrew Lonsdale, Anunciación Abadía, Monika S. Doblin, Antony Bacic, Matsuo Uemura, Javier Abadía and Ana Flor López-Millán
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8863; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228863 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3429
Abstract
Metal toxicity is a common problem in crop species worldwide. Some metals are naturally toxic, whereas others such as manganese (Mn) are essential micro-nutrients for plant growth but can become toxic when in excess. Changes in the composition of the xylem sap, which [...] Read more.
Metal toxicity is a common problem in crop species worldwide. Some metals are naturally toxic, whereas others such as manganese (Mn) are essential micro-nutrients for plant growth but can become toxic when in excess. Changes in the composition of the xylem sap, which is the main pathway for ion transport within the plant, is therefore vital to understanding the plant’s response(s) to metal toxicity. In this study we have assessed the effects of exposure of tomato roots to excess Mn on the protein profile of the xylem sap, using a shotgun proteomics approach. Plants were grown in nutrient solution using 4.6 and 300 µM MnCl2 as control and excess Mn treatments, respectively. This approach yielded 668 proteins reliably identified and quantified. Excess Mn caused statistically significant (at p ≤ 0.05) and biologically relevant changes in relative abundance (≥2-fold increases or ≥50% decreases) in 322 proteins, with 82% of them predicted to be secretory using three different prediction tools, with more decreasing than increasing (181 and 82, respectively), suggesting that this metal stress causes an overall deactivation of metabolic pathways. Processes most affected by excess Mn were in the oxido-reductase, polysaccharide and protein metabolism classes. Excess Mn induced changes in hydrolases and peroxidases involved in cell wall degradation and lignin formation, respectively, consistent with the existence of alterations in the cell wall. Protein turnover was also affected, as indicated by the decrease in proteolytic enzymes and protein synthesis-related proteins. Excess Mn modified the redox environment of the xylem sap, with changes in the abundance of oxido-reductase and defense protein classes indicating a stress scenario. Finally, results indicate that excess Mn decreased the amounts of proteins associated with several signaling pathways, including fasciclin-like arabinogalactan-proteins and lipids, as well as proteases, which may be involved in the release of signaling peptides and protein maturation. The comparison of the proteins changing in abundance in xylem sap and roots indicate the existence of tissue-specific and systemic responses to excess Mn. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD021973. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Proteomic Research 3.0)
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15 pages, 1985 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Interaction of 5-Aminoorotic Acid and Its Gallium(III) Complex with Superoxide Radical, Generated by Two Model Systems
by Lozan Todorov, Maria Traykova, Luciano Saso and Irena Kostova
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8862; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228862 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2209
Abstract
Increased levels of the superoxide radical are associated with oxidative damage to healthy tissues and with elimination of malignant cells in a living body. It is desirable that a chemotherapeutic combines pro-oxidant behavior around and inside tumors with antioxidant action near healthy cells. [...] Read more.
Increased levels of the superoxide radical are associated with oxidative damage to healthy tissues and with elimination of malignant cells in a living body. It is desirable that a chemotherapeutic combines pro-oxidant behavior around and inside tumors with antioxidant action near healthy cells. A complex consisting of a pro-oxidant cation and antioxidant ligands could be a potential anticancer agent. Ga(III) salts are known anticancer substances, and 5-aminoorotic acid (HAOA) is a ligand with antioxidant properties. The in vitro effects of HAOA and its complex with Ga(III) (gallium(III) 5-aminoorotate (GaAOA)) on the in vitro accumulation of superoxide and other free radicals were estimated. Model systems such as potassium superoxide (KO2), xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X/XO), and rat blood serum were utilized. Data suggested better antioxidant effect of GaAOA compared to HAOA. Evidently, all three ligands of GaAOA participated in the scavenging of superoxide. The effects in rat blood serum were more nuanced, considering the chemical and biochemical complexity of this model system. It was observed that the free-radical-scavenging action of both compounds investigated may be manifested via both hydrogen donation and electron transfer pathways. It was proposed that the radical-scavenging activities (RSAs) of HAOA and its complex with Ga(III) may be due to a complex process, depending on the concentration, and on the environment, nature, and size of the free radical. The electron transfer pathway was considered as more probable in comparison to hydrogen donation in the scavenging of superoxide by 5-aminoorotic acid and its gallium(III) complex. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modulation of Oxidative Stress: Molecular and Pharmacological Aspects 2.0)
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19 pages, 2898 KiB  
Article
Site-Specific Phosphorylation of Histone H1.4 Is Associated with Transcription Activation
by Ankita Saha, Christopher H. Seward, Lisa Stubbs and Craig A. Mizzen
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8861; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228861 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3321
Abstract
Core histone variants, such as H2A.X and H3.3, serve specialized roles in chromatin processes that depend on the genomic distributions and amino acid sequence differences of the variant proteins. Modifications of these variants alter interactions with other chromatin components and thus the protein’s [...] Read more.
Core histone variants, such as H2A.X and H3.3, serve specialized roles in chromatin processes that depend on the genomic distributions and amino acid sequence differences of the variant proteins. Modifications of these variants alter interactions with other chromatin components and thus the protein’s functions. These inferences add to the growing arsenal of evidence against the older generic view of those linker histones as redundant repressors. Furthermore, certain modifications of specific H1 variants can confer distinct roles. On the one hand, it has been reported that the phosphorylation of H1 results in its release from chromatin and the subsequent transcription of HIV-1 genes. On the other hand, recent evidence indicates that phosphorylated H1 may in fact be associated with active promoters. This conflict suggests that different H1 isoforms and modified versions of these variants are not redundant when together but may play distinct functional roles. Here, we provide the first genome-wide evidence that when phosphorylated, the H1.4 variant remains associated with active promoters and may even play a role in transcription activation. Using novel, highly specific antibodies, we generated the first genome-wide view of the H1.4 isoform phosphorylated at serine 187 (pS187-H1.4) in estradiol-inducible MCF7 cells. We observe that pS187-H1.4 is enriched primarily at the transcription start sites (TSSs) of genes activated by estradiol treatment and depleted from those that are repressed. We also show that pS187-H1.4 associates with ‘early estrogen response’ genes and stably interacts with RNAPII. Based on the observations presented here, we propose that phosphorylation at S187 by CDK9 represents an early event required for gene activation. This event may also be involved in the release of promoter-proximal polymerases to begin elongation by interacting directly with the polymerase or other parts of the transcription machinery. Although we focused on estrogen-responsive genes, taking into account previous evidence of H1.4′s enrichment of promoters of pluripotency genes, and its involvement with rDNA activation, we propose that H1.4 phosphorylation for gene activation may be a more global observation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chromatin Molecular Complexes-Functional Organization, Protection and Regulation of the Genome)
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16 pages, 2787 KiB  
Article
Radiolabeled 6-(2, 3-Dichlorophenyl)-N4-methylpyrimidine-2, 4-diamine (TH287): A Potential Radiotracer for Measuring and Imaging MTH1
by Huaping Chen, Sadia Afrin, Yingqiu Guo, Wenhua Chu, Tammie L.S. Benzinger, Buck E. Rogers, Joel R. Garbow, Joel S. Perlmutter, Dong Zhou and Jinbin Xu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8860; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228860 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2854
Abstract
MTH1 (MutT homolog 1) or NUDT1 (Nudix Hydrolase 1), also known as oxidized purine nucleoside triphosphatase, has potential as a biomarker for monitoring cancer progression and quantifying target engagement for relevant therapies. In this study, we validate one MTH1 inhibitor TH287 as a [...] Read more.
MTH1 (MutT homolog 1) or NUDT1 (Nudix Hydrolase 1), also known as oxidized purine nucleoside triphosphatase, has potential as a biomarker for monitoring cancer progression and quantifying target engagement for relevant therapies. In this study, we validate one MTH1 inhibitor TH287 as a PET MTH1 radiotracer. TH287 was radiolabeled with tritium and the binding of [3H]TH287 to MTH1 was evaluated in live glioblastoma cells (U251MG) through saturation and competitive binding assays, together with in vitro enzymatic assays. Furthermore, TH287 was radiolabeled with carbon-11 for in vivo microPET studies. Saturation binding assays show that [3H]TH287 has a dissociation constant (Kd) of 1.97 ± 0.18 nM, Bmax of 2676 ± 122 fmol/mg protein for U251MG cells, and nH of 0.98 ± 0.02. Competitive binding assays show that TH287 (Ki: 3.04 ± 0.14 nM) has a higher affinity for MTH1 in U251MG cells compared to another well studied MTH1 inhibitor: (S)-crizotinib (Ki: 153.90 ± 20.48 nM). In vitro enzymatic assays show that TH287 has an IC50 of 2.2 nM in inhibiting MTH1 hydrolase activity and a Ki of 1.3 nM from kinetics assays, these results are consistent with our radioligand binding assays. Furthermore, MicroPET imaging shows that [11C]TH287 gets into the brain with rapid clearance from the brain, kidney, and heart. The results presented here indicate that radiolabeled TH287 has favorable properties to be a useful tool for measuring MTH1 in vitro and for further evaluation for in vivo PET imaging MTH1 of brain tumors and other central nervous system disorders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nuclear Medicine for Prediction of Therapy Efficacy and Therapeutic Evaluation in Oncology)
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12 pages, 2925 KiB  
Article
TNF Is Partially Required for Cell-Death-Triggered Skin Inflammation upon Acute Loss of cFLIP
by Maria Feoktistova, Roman Makarov, Martin Leverkus, Amir S. Yazdi and Diana Panayotova-Dimitrova
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8859; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228859 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2495
Abstract
cFLIP is required for epidermal integrity and skin inflammation silencing via protection from TNF-induced keratinocyte apoptosis. Here, we generated and analyzed cFLIP epidermal KO mice with additional TNF deficiency. Intriguingly, the ablation of TNF rescued the pathological phenotype of epidermal cFLIP KO from [...] Read more.
cFLIP is required for epidermal integrity and skin inflammation silencing via protection from TNF-induced keratinocyte apoptosis. Here, we generated and analyzed cFLIP epidermal KO mice with additional TNF deficiency. Intriguingly, the ablation of TNF rescued the pathological phenotype of epidermal cFLIP KO from characteristic weight loss and increased mortality. Moreover, the lack of TNF in these animals strongly reduced and delayed the epidermal hyperkeratosis and the increased apoptosis in keratinocytes. Our data demonstrate that TNF signaling in cFLIP-deficient keratinocytes is the critical factor for the regulation of skin inflammation via modulated cytokine and chemokine expression and, thus, the attraction of immune cells. Our data suggest that autocrine TNF loop activation upon cFLIP deletion is dispensable for T cells, but is critical for neutrophil attraction. Our findings provide evidence for a negative regulatory role of cFLIP for TNF-dependent apoptosis and partially for epidermal inflammation. However, alternative signaling pathways may contribute to the development of the dramatic skin disease upon cFLIP deletion. Our data warrant future studies of the regulatory mechanism controlling the development of skin disease upon cFLIP deficiency and the role of cFLIP/TNF in a number of inflammatory skin diseases, including toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cell Death in Biology and Diseases)
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13 pages, 2566 KiB  
Article
Cardioprotection via Metabolism for Rat Heart Preservation Using the High-Pressure Gaseous Mixture of Carbon Monoxide and Oxygen
by Chiharu Suzuki, Naoyuki Hatayama, Tadashi Ogawa, Eri Nanizawa, Shun Otsuka, Koichiro Hata, Hiroshi Seno, Munekazu Naito and Shuichi Hirai
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8858; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228858 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2530
Abstract
The high-pressure gas (HPG) method with carbon monoxide (CO) and oxygen (O2) mixture maintains the preserved rat heart function. The metabolites of rat hearts preserved using the HPG method (HPG group) and cold storage (CS) method (CS group) by immersion in [...] Read more.
The high-pressure gas (HPG) method with carbon monoxide (CO) and oxygen (O2) mixture maintains the preserved rat heart function. The metabolites of rat hearts preserved using the HPG method (HPG group) and cold storage (CS) method (CS group) by immersion in a stock solution for 24 h were assessed to confirm CO and O2 effects. Lactic acid was significantly lower and citric acid was significantly higher in the HPG group than in the CS group. Moreover, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels as well as some pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) metabolites and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) were significantly higher in the HPG group than in the CS group. Additionally, reduced glutathione (GSH), which protects cells from oxidative stress, was also significantly higher in the HPG group than in the CS group. These results indicated that each gas, CO and O2, induced the shift from anaerobic to aerobic metabolism, maintaining the energy of ischemic preserved organs, shifting the glucose utilization from glycolysis toward PPP, and reducing oxidative stress. Both CO and O2 in the HPG method have important effects on the ATP supply and decrease oxidative stress for preventing ischemic injury. The HPG method may be useful for clinical application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Positive and Negative Determinants of Ischaemic Injury—Co-morbidities and Cardioprotection 2020)
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16 pages, 5477 KiB  
Article
Transcriptome Analysis of Pyrus betulaefolia Seedling Root Responses to Short-Term Potassium Deficiency
by Han Yang, Yan Li, Yumeng Jin, Liping Kan, Changwei Shen, Anish Malladi, Savithri Nambeesan, Yangchun Xu and Caixia Dong
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8857; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228857 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2986
Abstract
Potassium (K) plays a crucial role in multiple physiological and developmental processes in plants. Its deficiency is a common abiotic stress that inhibits plant growth and reduces crop productivity. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in plant responses to low K could [...] Read more.
Potassium (K) plays a crucial role in multiple physiological and developmental processes in plants. Its deficiency is a common abiotic stress that inhibits plant growth and reduces crop productivity. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in plant responses to low K could help to improve the efficiency of K use in plants. However, such responses remain poorly characterized in fruit tree species such as pears (Pyrus sp). We analyzed the physiological and transcriptome responses of a commonly used pear rootstock, Pyrus betulaefolia, to K-deficiency stress (0 mM). Potassium deprivation resulted in apparent changes in root morphology, with short-term low-K stress resulting in rapidly enhanced root growth. Transcriptome analyses indicated that the root transcriptome was coordinately altered within 6 h after K deprivation, a process that continued until 15 d after treatment. Potassium deprivation resulted in the enhanced expression (up to 5-fold) of a putative high-affinity K+ transporter, PbHAK5 (Pbr037826.1), suggesting the up-regulation of mechanisms associated with K+ acquisition. The enhanced root growth in response to K-deficiency stress was associated with a rapid and sustained decrease in the expression of a transcription factor, PbMYB44 (Pbr015309.1), potentially involved in mediating auxin responses, and the increased expression of multiple genes associated with regulating root growth. The concentrations of several phytohormones including indoleacetic acid (IAA), ABA, ETH, gibberellin (GA3), and jasmonic acid (JA) were higher in response to K deprivation. Furthermore, genes coding for enzymes associated with carbon metabolism such as SORBITOL DEHYDROGENASE (SDH) and SUCROSE SYNTHASE (SUS) displayed greatly enhanced expression in the roots under K deprivation, presumably indicating enhanced metabolism to meet the increased energy demands for growth and K+ acquisition. Together, these data suggest that K deprivation in P. betulaefolia results in the rapid re-programming of the transcriptome to enhance root growth and K+ acquisition. These data provide key insights into the molecular basis for understanding low-K-tolerance mechanisms in pears and in other related fruit trees and identifying potential candidates that warrant further analyses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ion Transport and Homeostasis in Plants)
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20 pages, 5627 KiB  
Article
Transcriptional Profiling of Whisker Follicles and of the Striatum in Methamphetamine Self-Administered Rats
by Won-Jun Jang, Taekwon Son, Sang-Hoon Song, In Soo Ryu, Sooyeun Lee and Chul-Ho Jeong
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8856; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228856 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2619
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) use disorder is a chronic neuropsychiatric disease characterized by recurrent binge episodes, intervals of abstinence, and relapses to MA use. Therefore, identification of the key genes and pathways involved is important for improving the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder. In [...] Read more.
Methamphetamine (MA) use disorder is a chronic neuropsychiatric disease characterized by recurrent binge episodes, intervals of abstinence, and relapses to MA use. Therefore, identification of the key genes and pathways involved is important for improving the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder. In this study, high-throughput RNA sequencing was performed to find the key genes and examine the comparability of gene expression between whisker follicles and the striatum of rats following MA self-administration. A total of 253 and 87 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in whisker follicles and the striatum, respectively. Multivariate and network analyses were performed on these DEGs to find hub genes and key pathways within the constructed network. A total of 129 and 49 genes were finally selected from the DEG sets of whisker follicles and of the striatum. Statistically significant DEGs were found to belong to the classes of genes involved in nicotine addiction, cocaine addiction, and amphetamine addiction in the striatum as well as in Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Alzheimer’s diseases in whisker follicles. Of note, several genes and pathways including retrograde endocannabinoid signaling and the synaptic vesicle cycle pathway were common between the two tissues. Therefore, this study provides the first data on gene expression levels in whisker follicles and in the striatum in relation to MA reward and thereby may accelerate the research on the whisker follicle as an alternative source of biomarkers for the diagnosis of MA use disorder. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue OMICs, Data Integration, and Applications in Personalized Medicine)
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44 pages, 2054 KiB  
Review
LncRNAs in Ovarian Cancer Progression, Metastasis, and Main Pathways: ceRNA and Alternative Mechanisms
by Eleonora A. Braga, Marina V. Fridman, Alexey A. Moscovtsev, Elena A. Filippova, Alexey A. Dmitriev and Nikolay E. Kushlinskii
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8855; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228855 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 154 | Viewed by 7685
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OvCa) develops asymptomatically until it reaches the advanced stages with metastasis, chemoresistance, and poor prognosis. Our review focuses on the analysis of regulatory long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) competing with protein-coding mRNAs for binding to miRNAs according to the model of competitive [...] Read more.
Ovarian cancer (OvCa) develops asymptomatically until it reaches the advanced stages with metastasis, chemoresistance, and poor prognosis. Our review focuses on the analysis of regulatory long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) competing with protein-coding mRNAs for binding to miRNAs according to the model of competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) in OvCa. Analysis of publications showed that most lncRNAs acting as ceRNAs participate in OvCa progression: migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and metastasis. More than 30 lncRNAs turned out to be predictors of survival and/or response to therapy in patients with OvCa. For a number of oncogenic (CCAT1, HOTAIR, NEAT1, and TUG1 among others) and some suppressive lncRNAs, several lncRNA/miRNA/mRNA axes were identified, which revealed various functions for each of them. Our review also considers examples of alternative mechanisms of actions for lncRNAs besides being ceRNAs, including binding directly to mRNA or protein, and some of them (DANCR, GAS5, MALAT1, and UCA1 among others) act by both mechanisms depending on the target protein. A systematic analysis based on the data from literature and Panther or KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) databases showed that a significant part of lncRNAs affects the key pathways involved in OvCa metastasis, EMT, and chemoresistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Attacking Cancer Progression and Metastasis)
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26 pages, 4930 KiB  
Review
Addressing Latent Tuberculosis: New Advances in Mimicking the Disease, Discovering Key Targets, and Designing Hit Compounds
by André Campaniço, Shrika G. Harjivan, Digby F. Warner, Rui Moreira and Francisca Lopes
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8854; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228854 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4120
Abstract
Despite being discovered and isolated more than one hundred years ago, tuberculosis (TB) remains a global public health concern arch. Our inability to eradicate this bacillus is strongly related with the growing resistance, low compliance to current drugs, and the capacity of the [...] Read more.
Despite being discovered and isolated more than one hundred years ago, tuberculosis (TB) remains a global public health concern arch. Our inability to eradicate this bacillus is strongly related with the growing resistance, low compliance to current drugs, and the capacity of the bacteria to coexist in a state of asymptomatic latency. This last state can be sustained for years or even decades, waiting for a breach in the immune system to become active again. Furthermore, most current therapies are not efficacious against this state, failing to completely clear the infection. Over the years, a series of experimental methods have been developed to mimic the latent state, currently used in drug discovery, both in vitro and in vivo. Most of these methods focus in one specific latency inducing factor, with only a few taking into consideration the complexity of the granuloma and the genomic and proteomic consequences of each physiological factor. A series of targets specifically involved in latency have been studied over the years with promising scaffolds being discovered and explored. Taking in account that solving the latency problem is one of the keys to eradicate the disease, herein we compile current therapies and diagnosis techniques, methods to mimic latency and new targets and compounds in the pipeline of drug discovery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Mycobacterial Infection)
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16 pages, 270 KiB  
Review
The Body’s Cellular and Molecular Response to Protein-Coated Medical Device Implants: A Review Focused on Fibronectin and BMP Proteins
by Yi-Fan Chen, Clyde Goodheart and Diego Rua
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8853; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228853 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3737
Abstract
Recent years have seen a marked rise in implantation into the body of a great variety of devices: hip, knee, and shoulder replacements, pacemakers, meshes, glucose sensors, and many others. Cochlear and retinal implants are being developed to restore hearing and sight. After [...] Read more.
Recent years have seen a marked rise in implantation into the body of a great variety of devices: hip, knee, and shoulder replacements, pacemakers, meshes, glucose sensors, and many others. Cochlear and retinal implants are being developed to restore hearing and sight. After surgery to implant a device, adjacent cells interact with the implant and release molecular signals that result in attraction, infiltration of the tissue, and attachment to the implant of various cell types including monocytes, macrophages, and platelets. These cells release additional signaling molecules (chemokines and cytokines) that recruit tissue repair cells to the device site. Some implants fail and require additional revision surgery that is traumatic for the patient and expensive for the payer. This review examines the literature for evidence to support the possibility that fibronectins and BMPs could be coated on the implants as part of the manufacturing process so that the proteins could be released into the tissue surrounding the implant and improve the rate of successful implantation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Materials Science)
22 pages, 7491 KiB  
Article
Connexin43 Region 266–283, via Src Inhibition, Reduces Neural Progenitor Cell Proliferation Promoted by EGF and FGF-2 and Increases Astrocytic Differentiation
by Rocío Talaverón, Esperanza R. Matarredona, Alejandro Herrera, José M. Medina and Arantxa Tabernero
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8852; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228852 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3649
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are self-renewing cells that give rise to the major cells in the nervous system and are considered to be the possible cell of origin of glioblastoma. The gap junction protein connexin43 (Cx43) is expressed by NPCs, exerting channel-dependent and [...] Read more.
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are self-renewing cells that give rise to the major cells in the nervous system and are considered to be the possible cell of origin of glioblastoma. The gap junction protein connexin43 (Cx43) is expressed by NPCs, exerting channel-dependent and -independent roles. We focused on one property of Cx43—its ability to inhibit Src, a key protein in brain development and oncogenesis. Because Src inhibition is carried out by the sequence 266–283 of the intracellular C terminus in Cx43, we used a cell-penetrating peptide containing this sequence, TAT-Cx43266–283, to explore its effects on postnatal subventricular zone NPCs. Our results show that TAT-Cx43266–283 inhibited Src activity and reduced NPC proliferation and survival promoted by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). In differentiation conditions, TAT-Cx43266–283 increased astrocyte differentiation at the expense of neuronal differentiation, which coincided with a reduction in Src activity and β-catenin expression. We propose that Cx43, through the region 266–283, reduces Src activity, leading to disruption of EGF and FGF-2 signaling and to down-regulation of β-catenin with effects on proliferation and differentiation. Our data indicate that the inhibition of Src might contribute to the complex role of Cx43 in NPCs and open new opportunities for further research in gliomagenesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intercellular and Intracellular Communication in Human Health and Disease)
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