Completing Autophagy: Formation and Degradation of the Autophagic Body and Metabolite Salvage in Plants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Formation of the Autophagic Body during Macroautophagy
2.1. Formation and Trafficking of Autophagosome
2.2. Fusion of the Autophagosome with the Vacuole and Formation of the Autophagic Body
3. Formation of the Autophagic Body during Microautophagy
4. Degradation of the Autophagic Body and Metabolite Efflux from the Vacuole to the Cytoplasm
5. Regulation of Autophagic Body Degradation
6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Atg | Autophagy related proteins |
Avt | Amino acid vacuolar transporter |
Ccz1-Mon1 | Calcium caffeine zinc sensitivity 1-monensin sensitivity 1 complex |
ESCRT | Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport |
FYCO1 | FYVE (Zinc finger FYVE) and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 1 |
HOPS | Homotypic vacuole fusion and protein sorting |
MIPA | Micropexophagy-specific membrane apparatus |
mTOR | Serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR |
Nvj1 | Nucleus-vacuole junction protein 1 |
PAS | Phagophore assembly site or Pre-autophagosomal structures |
Pep4 | Proteinase A |
PI3P | Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate |
PMN | Piecemeal microautophagy of the nucleus |
Prb1 | Proteinase B |
Prc | Tail-specific protease precursor |
PVS | Perivacuolar structure |
RAB | Ras-related protein |
UBLC | Ubiquitin-like conjugation systems |
Vac8 | Vacuolar protein 8 |
Vam | Vesicle-associated membrane protein |
VPEγ | Vacuolar processing enzyme γ |
Vps1p | Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 1 |
VSM | Vacuolar sequestering membranes |
VTC | Vacuole transporter chaperone |
Vti1 | Cis-Golgi membrane traffic |
Ybr139 | Putative serine carboxypeptidase YBR139W |
Ypt | GTP-binding proteins or Ras-like guanine nucleotide-binding proteins |
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Protein | Organism | Function | References |
---|---|---|---|
PI3P, Atg8 | yeast, plant | autophagosome trafficking and fusion | [46,47] |
Vti1 | yeast | autophagosome formation, autophagosome-vacuole fusion | [66] |
Ykt6 | yeast | retrograde transport, vacuole homotypic fusion, vesicles and vacuole fusion | [71,72,73] |
Vam3 | yeast | endosome-autophagosome fusion, autophagosome maturation, autophagosome-vacuole docking and fusion | [66,67,70] |
Vam7 | yeast | autophagosome-vacuole fusion | [68,69,70] |
Ccz1-Mon1, Ypt7 | yeast | autophagosome-vacuole fusion | [59,63] |
HOPS | yeast | autophagosome-vacuole fusion | [57,58] |
plant | probably autophagosome-vacuole fusion | [46,82] | |
VTI12 | plant | probably autophagosome formation, docking, and autophagosome-vacuole fusion, storage protein transport from cytoplasm to vacuole | [74,75,76,77] |
RABG3B | plant | autophagy enhancement during xylem development and pathogen-induced cell death, probably autophagosome formation and autophagosome-vacuole fusion | [78,79] |
CHMP1, FREE1, VPS2.1, CFS1, EXO70B1 | plant | probably autophagic trafficking, autophagosome-vacuole fusion, release of autophagic body | [25] |
Protein | Organism | Function | References |
---|---|---|---|
Vps1p | yeast | regulation of vacuole membrane invagination | [89] |
Atg12, Atg5, Atg10, Atg16 | yeast | differentiation of vacuole membrane, formation of autophagic tube, autophagic body formation | [92,93,94,95] |
Atg3, Atg4, Atg7, Atg8, Atg26, Atg28, Atg30 | yeast | formation of the micropexophagy-specific membrane apparatus (MIPA) during micropexophagy | [100,103,104,105,106] |
Atg11, Atg17, Atg37 | yeast | formation of the vacuolar sequestering membranes during micropexophagy | [102,105] |
Vac8, Nvj1 | yeast | fusion of cell nucleus and vacuole | [111] |
Protein | Organism | Function | References |
---|---|---|---|
Pep4 (Proteinase A), Prb1 (Proteinase B) | yeast | activation of protease and hydrolase cascades by proteolytic processing | [34,115,116] |
Atg15, | yeast | degradation of autophagic body, decomposition and recycling of autophagic body membrane, proaminopeptidase I maturation | [34,117,118,119,120] |
Atg22 | yeast | tonoplast protein with limited homology to permeases, putative vacuolar transporter involved in the efflux of metabolites from the vacuole to the cytoplasm | [122,123] |
Atg42, Ybr139, Prc1 | yeast | probably degradation of the autophagic body | [56] |
Avt3, Avt4 | yeast | vacuolar efflux transporters potentially involved in the efflux of leucine and other amino acids derived from the degradation of the autophagic body | [123,124,125,126] |
VPEγ | Arabidopsis thaliana | probably autocatalytically converted into a smaller active form, which, like yeast’s Pep4, might be involved in proteolytically downstream processes that are responsible for the degradation of various vacuolar constituents | [127] |
AVT3 | Arabidopsis thaliana | vacuolar efflux transporter potentially involved in the efflux of metabolites derived from the degradation of the autophagic body | [128] |
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Stefaniak, S.; Wojtyla, Ł.; Pietrowska-Borek, M.; Borek, S. Completing Autophagy: Formation and Degradation of the Autophagic Body and Metabolite Salvage in Plants. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 2205. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21062205
Stefaniak S, Wojtyla Ł, Pietrowska-Borek M, Borek S. Completing Autophagy: Formation and Degradation of the Autophagic Body and Metabolite Salvage in Plants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(6):2205. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21062205
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefaniak, Szymon, Łukasz Wojtyla, Małgorzata Pietrowska-Borek, and Sławomir Borek. 2020. "Completing Autophagy: Formation and Degradation of the Autophagic Body and Metabolite Salvage in Plants" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 6: 2205. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21062205