Role of Arachidonic Acid and Its Metabolites in the Biological and Clinical Manifestations of Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Cell Membrane Fluidity and Permeability
3. Platelet Aggregation and Coagulation
4. Immune System
5. Kidney Glomerular and Tubular Function
6. Podocyte Physiopathology and Infections
7. Renal Fibrosis
8. Drug and Gene Interactions
9. Dietary Balance Between AA and LA and AA Sources
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Neonates | Children | Adults | Elderly | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Linoleic acid (%) | 4.61 ± 1.06 | 17.67 ± 1.92 | 18.41 ± 2.87 | 17.64 ± 2.89 |
Arachidonic acid (%) | 13.14 ± 1.73 | 8.33 ± 1.04 | 8.51 ± 1.38 | 8.32 ± 1.40 |
Total omega 6 (%) | 22.99 ± 2.13 | 28.97 ± 2.19 | 29.79 ± 3.13 | 28.78 ± 3.24 |
Total saturated fatty acids (%) | 46.10 ± 3.16 | 44.32 ± 1.61 | 39.47 ± 2.3 | 39.83 ± 2.16 |
Total monounsaturated fatty acids (%) | 26.15 ± 2.76 | 24.39 ± 2.07 | 27.20 ± 3.08 | 27.83 ± 3.27 |
Total omega 3 (%) | 4.76 ± 0.89 | 2.31 ± 0.50 | 3.54 ± 1.05 | 3.55 ± 0.95 |
Cell Type | AA Metabolite | Effect |
---|---|---|
Basophil | PGD2 | Stimulates basophil chemotaxis |
Eosinophil | PGD2 | Stimulates eosinophil chemotaxis |
Blocks eosinophil apoptosis | ||
Activates eosinophils | ||
Naive t cell | TXA2 | Inhibits proliferation of naive T cells |
B-cell | PGE2 | Enhances IgE class switching by B cells |
Dendritic cell | LTB4 | Stimulates DC production of IL-6 |
LTC4 | Participates in cell migration | |
Enhances cells activation and functions | ||
PGD2 | Inhibits cells migration | |
PGE2 | Stimulates IL-10 production | |
Modulates cell migration | ||
Downregulates major histocompatibility complex C class II expression | ||
Inhibits IL-12 and IFN-ã production | ||
Inhibits the expression of CCL3/CCL4 | ||
PGJ2 | Induces apoptosis | |
TXA2 | Inhibits interaction with T cell | |
Langerhans cell | PGE2 | Promotes the migration and maturation of Langerhans cells |
PGD2 | Inhibits cells migration | |
Lymphocyte | PGE2 | Inhibits interactions with endothelial cell |
Macrophage | PGE2 | Suppresses cytokine production |
Suppresses chemokine expression | ||
PGJ2 | Inhibits release of IL-10 and IL-12 | |
Mast cell | PGE2 | Enhances antigen-stimulated degranulation |
Neutrophil | LTB4 | Activates cells |
NK cell | PGE2 | Inhibits IL-12 and IFN-ã production |
T cell | LTB4 | Enhances cell recruitment |
PGE2 | Inhibits cell proliferation | |
TXA2 | Inhibits interactions with dendritic cells | |
Regulates the elimination of self-reactive cells | ||
Increases cell proliferation and activation | ||
Enhances local cytotoxic cell function | ||
Th2 | PGD2 | Stimulates chemotaxis |
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Turolo, S.; Edefonti, A.; Mazzocchi, A.; Syren, M.L.; Morello, W.; Agostoni, C.; Montini, G. Role of Arachidonic Acid and Its Metabolites in the Biological and Clinical Manifestations of Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 5452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115452
Turolo S, Edefonti A, Mazzocchi A, Syren ML, Morello W, Agostoni C, Montini G. Role of Arachidonic Acid and Its Metabolites in the Biological and Clinical Manifestations of Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(11):5452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115452
Chicago/Turabian StyleTurolo, Stefano, Alberto Edefonti, Alessandra Mazzocchi, Marie Louise Syren, William Morello, Carlo Agostoni, and Giovanni Montini. 2021. "Role of Arachidonic Acid and Its Metabolites in the Biological and Clinical Manifestations of Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11: 5452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115452