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Article

Behavioral and Neuronal Effects of Inhaled Bromine Gas: Oxidative Brain Stem Damage

by
Shazia Shakil
1,
Juan Xavier Masjoan Juncos
1,
Nithya Mariappan
1,
Iram Zafar
1,
Apoorva Amudhan
1,
Archita Amudhan
1,
Duha Aishah
1,
Simmone Siddiqui
1,
Shajer Manzoor
1,
Cristina M. Santana
2,
Wilson K. Rumbeiha
3,
Samina Salim
4,
Aftab Ahmad
1 and
Shama Ahmad
1,*
1
Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
2
Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
3
Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
4
Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(12), 6316; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126316
Submission received: 8 May 2021 / Revised: 2 June 2021 / Accepted: 8 June 2021 / Published: 12 June 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protective Strategies against Organ Ischemic Injury)
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Abstract

The risk of accidental bromine (Br2) exposure to the public has increased due to its enhanced industrial use. Inhaled Br2 damages the lungs and the heart; however, adverse effects on the brain are unknown. In this study, we examined the neurological effects of inhaled Br2 in Sprague Dawley rats. Rats were exposed to Br2 (600 ppm for 45 min) and transferred to room air and cage behavior, and levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in plasma were examined at various time intervals. Bromine exposure resulted in abnormal cage behavior such as head hitting, biting and aggression, hypervigilance, and hyperactivity. An increase in plasma GFAP and brain 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) content also was observed in the exposed animals. Acute and delayed sympathetic nervous system activation was also evaluated by assessing the expression of catecholamine biosynthesizing enzymes, tryptophan hydroxylase (TrpH1 and TrpH2), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TyrH), along with an assessment of catecholamines and their metabolites. TyrH was found to be increased in a time-dependent manner. TrpH1 and TrpH2 were significantly decreased upon Br2 exposure in the brainstem. The neurotransmitter content evaluation indicated an increase in 5-HT and dopamine at early timepoints after exposure; however, other metabolites were not significantly altered. Taken together, our results predict brain damage and autonomic dysfunction upon Br2 exposure.
Keywords: bromine; halogens; injury; brain; behavior; neuronal bromine; halogens; injury; brain; behavior; neuronal

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Shakil, S.; Masjoan Juncos, J.X.; Mariappan, N.; Zafar, I.; Amudhan, A.; Amudhan, A.; Aishah, D.; Siddiqui, S.; Manzoor, S.; Santana, C.M.; et al. Behavioral and Neuronal Effects of Inhaled Bromine Gas: Oxidative Brain Stem Damage. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 6316. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126316

AMA Style

Shakil S, Masjoan Juncos JX, Mariappan N, Zafar I, Amudhan A, Amudhan A, Aishah D, Siddiqui S, Manzoor S, Santana CM, et al. Behavioral and Neuronal Effects of Inhaled Bromine Gas: Oxidative Brain Stem Damage. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(12):6316. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126316

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shakil, Shazia, Juan Xavier Masjoan Juncos, Nithya Mariappan, Iram Zafar, Apoorva Amudhan, Archita Amudhan, Duha Aishah, Simmone Siddiqui, Shajer Manzoor, Cristina M. Santana, and et al. 2021. "Behavioral and Neuronal Effects of Inhaled Bromine Gas: Oxidative Brain Stem Damage" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 12: 6316. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126316

APA Style

Shakil, S., Masjoan Juncos, J. X., Mariappan, N., Zafar, I., Amudhan, A., Amudhan, A., Aishah, D., Siddiqui, S., Manzoor, S., Santana, C. M., Rumbeiha, W. K., Salim, S., Ahmad, A., & Ahmad, S. (2021). Behavioral and Neuronal Effects of Inhaled Bromine Gas: Oxidative Brain Stem Damage. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(12), 6316. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126316

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