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Volume 22
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10.3390/ijms22168525
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Review

Highlighting Immune System and Stress in Major Depressive Disorder, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s Diseases, with a Connection with Serotonin

by
Ana Salomé Correia
1,2,
Armando Cardoso
3,4 and
Nuno Vale
1,5,*
1
OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
2
Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
3
NeuroGen Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
4
Unit of Anatomy—Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
5
Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(16), 8525; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168525
Submission received: 16 June 2021 / Revised: 1 August 2021 / Accepted: 3 August 2021 / Published: 7 August 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Newly Developed Drugs for Alzheimer's Disease)
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Abstract

There is recognition that both stress and immune responses are important factors in a variety of neurological disorders. Moreover, there is an important role of several neurotransmitters that connect these factors to several neurological diseases, with a special focus in this paper on serotonin. Accordingly, it is known that imbalances in stressors can promote a variety of neuropsychiatric or neurodegenerative pathologies. Here, we discuss some facts that link major depressive disorder, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s to the stress and immune responses, as well as the connection between these responses and serotonergic signaling. These are important topics of investigation which may lead to new or better treatments, improving the life quality of patients that suffer from these conditions.
Keywords: stress; immune system; major depressive disorder; Alzheimer’s disease; Parkinson’s disease; serotonin stress; immune system; major depressive disorder; Alzheimer’s disease; Parkinson’s disease; serotonin

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MDPI and ACS Style

Correia, A.S.; Cardoso, A.; Vale, N. Highlighting Immune System and Stress in Major Depressive Disorder, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s Diseases, with a Connection with Serotonin. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 8525. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168525

AMA Style

Correia AS, Cardoso A, Vale N. Highlighting Immune System and Stress in Major Depressive Disorder, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s Diseases, with a Connection with Serotonin. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(16):8525. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168525

Chicago/Turabian Style

Correia, Ana Salomé, Armando Cardoso, and Nuno Vale. 2021. "Highlighting Immune System and Stress in Major Depressive Disorder, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s Diseases, with a Connection with Serotonin" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16: 8525. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168525

APA Style

Correia, A. S., Cardoso, A., & Vale, N. (2021). Highlighting Immune System and Stress in Major Depressive Disorder, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s Diseases, with a Connection with Serotonin. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(16), 8525. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168525

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