A Sodium Oxalate-Rich Diet Induces Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiac Dysfunction in Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. High Oxalate Diet Significantly Impaired Rats’ Biological Parameters and Kidney Function
2.2. High Oxalate Diet Induced Tubular Atrophy and Fibrosis though Oxalate Crystals’ Deposition in the Tubular Lumen
2.3. Modulation of High Oxalate Diet
2.4. Effect of Oxalate Diet on Systemic Complications and Cardiovascular System
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animal Studies
4.2. Assessment of Renal Function
4.3. Blood Pressure Measurement
4.4. Echocardiographic Assessments
4.5. Histological Analyses
4.6. Statistical Analyses
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BUN | blood urea nitrogen |
Ca2+ | ionized calcium |
cBase(Ecf) | standard base excess |
cHCO3−(P,st) | standard bicarbonate |
CKD | chronic kidney disease |
Cl− | chloride |
ctO2 | oxygen content |
CTR | control diet |
E/e’ | early diastolic transmitral flow velocity/mitral annular early diastolic velocity |
FHHb | fraction of deoxyhemoglobin |
FO2Hb | fraction of oxyhemoglobin |
GFR | glomerular filtration rate |
IVS | intraventricular septum |
K+ | potassium |
LV | left ventricular |
Na+ | sodium |
OXA | oxalate |
p50 | oxygen tension at half saturation of blood |
pCO2 | carbon dioxide partial pressure |
PFA | paraformaldehyde |
pO2 | oxygen partial pressure |
PTX3 | pentraxin 3 |
sO2 | oxygen saturation |
TNF | tumor necrosis factor |
TNFR | TNF receptor |
Appendix A
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Unit | Control (n = 6) | Oxalate (n = 18) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oxygen Status | ||||
Oxygen partial pressure (pO2) | mmHg | 56.82 ± 4.41 | 58.44 ± 2.12 | 0.717 |
Carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) | mmHg | 39.60 ± 1.01 | 34.29 ± 1.51 | 0.062 |
Oxygen tension at half saturationof blood (p50) | mmHg | 33.43 ± 1.79 | 31.21 ± 0.94 | 0.260 |
Oxygen saturation (sO2) | % | 79.53 ± 4.06 | 84.49 ± 1.41 | 0.152 |
Hematocrit | % | 47.60 ± 1.30 | 43.07 ± 0.77 | 0.006 ** |
Hemoglobin | g/dL | 15.53 ± 0.34 | 14.03 ± 0.26 | 0.006 ** |
Fraction of oxyhemoglobin (FO2Hb) | % | 78.88 ± 3.90 | 83.26 ± 1.31 | 0.178 |
Fraction of deoxyhemoglobin (FHHb) | % | 20.33 ± 4.05 | 15.38 ± 1.40 | 0.150 |
Oxygen content (ctO2) | Vol% | 17.22 ± 0.98 | 16.58 ± 0.46 | 0.516 |
Electrolytes concentration | ||||
Sodium (Na+) | mmol/L | 137.80 ± 1.81 | 139.60 ± 1.32 | 0.502 |
Potassium (K+) | mmol/L | 4.05 ± 0.19 | 3.80 ± 0.06 | 0.109 |
Ionized calcium (Ca2+) | mmol/L | 1.16 ± 0.05 | 1.08 ± 0.03 | 0.194 |
Chloride (Cl‒) | mmol/L | 119.80 ± 3.89 | 124.90 ± 3.70 | 0.343 |
Metabolite concentrations | ||||
Glutamate | mmol/L | 11.77 ± 1.09 | 9.92 ± 0.28 | 0.027 * |
Lactate | mmol/L | 2.18 ± 0.33 | 2.56 ± 0.18 | 0.330 |
Glucose | mg/dL | 106.69 ± 39.79 | 105.34 ± 45.10 | 0.969 |
Acid/base status | ||||
Standard base excess (cBase(Ecf)) | mmol/L | −9.32 ± 1.04 | −9.58 ± 0.72 | 0.852 |
Standard bicarbonate (cHCO3‒(p,st)) | mmol/L | 16.40 ± 0.829 | 16.70 ± 0.460 | 0.7498 |
Blood pH | 7.245 ± 0.023 | 7.287 ± 0.009 | 0.0520. |
Unit | Control (n = 5) | Oxalate (n = 27) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Heart Rate | BPM | 366.20 ± 7.55 | 359.0 ± 7.746 | 0.7012 |
Left Ventricle Diameter (d) | mm/g | 0.023 ± 0.0008 | 0.024 ± 0.0005 | 0.582 |
Left Ventricle Diameter (s) | mm/g | 0.0127 ± 0.0008 | 0.014 ± 0.0006 | 0.345 |
Interventricular septum tickness (d) | mm/g | 0.0042 ± 0.0003 | 0.005 ± 0.0001 | 0.032 |
Interventricular septum tickness (s) | mm/g | 0.00797 ± 0.0008 | 0.0083 ± 0.0002 | 0.630 |
LV Mass | mg/g | 2.22 ± 0.16 | 2.70 ± 0.102 | 0.0601 |
Volume (s) | µl | 117.00 ± 7.84 | 133.8 ± 12.40 | 0.5643 |
Volume (d) | µl | 389.4 ± 34.59 | 449.7 ± 20.05 | 0.2231 |
Ejection fraction | % | 68.99 ± 3.592 | 70.43 ± 2.136 | 0.7810 |
Fractional shortening | % | 19.25 ± 1.956 | 21.66 ± 0.924 | 0.2932 |
Stroke Volume | µl | 272.4 ± 34.24 | 313.9 ± 15.66 | 0.2937 |
E-wave Velocity | mm/s | 991.3 ± 53.99 | 1030 ± 26.20 | 0.5558 |
A-wave Velocity | mm/s | 516.0 ± 42.95 | 547.5 ± 23.94 | 0.5966 |
Isovolumetric relaxation time | ms | 23.11 ± 1.174 | 23.08 ± 0.605 | 0.9845 |
Deceleration Time | ms | 28.22 ± 4.247 | 28.44 ± 1.544 | 0.9572 |
E’-wave Velocity | mm/s * BPM−1 | 0.18 ± 0.067 | 0.13 ± 0.010 | 0.0421 * |
A’-wave Velocity | mm/s * BPM−1 | 0.13 ± 0.023 | 0.15 ± 0.009 | 0.5861 |
A’/E’ ratio | NA | 0.88 ± 0.292 | 1.40 ± 0.148 | 0.1702 |
E’/A’ ratio | NA | 1.60 ± 0.393 | 0.99 ± 0.111 | 0.0556 |
E/A ratio | NA | 1.98 ± 0.208 | 0.19 ± 0.095 | 0.8772 |
E/E’ ratio | NA | 16.29 ± 3.352 | 26.04 ± 1.851 | 0.0366 * |
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Crestani, T.; Crajoinas, R.O.; Jensen, L.; Dima, L.L.; Burdeyron, P.; Hauet, T.; Giraud, S.; Steichen, C. A Sodium Oxalate-Rich Diet Induces Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiac Dysfunction in Rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 9244. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179244
Crestani T, Crajoinas RO, Jensen L, Dima LL, Burdeyron P, Hauet T, Giraud S, Steichen C. A Sodium Oxalate-Rich Diet Induces Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiac Dysfunction in Rats. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(17):9244. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179244
Chicago/Turabian StyleCrestani, Thayane, Renato O. Crajoinas, Leonardo Jensen, Leno L. Dima, Perrine Burdeyron, Thierry Hauet, Sebastien Giraud, and Clara Steichen. 2021. "A Sodium Oxalate-Rich Diet Induces Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiac Dysfunction in Rats" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 17: 9244. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179244