Cyclic Nucleotide (cNMP) Analogues: Past, Present and Future
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. PKA and PKG as Cyclic Nucleotide Binding Proteins/cNMP Analog Targets
1.2. Non-PKA/PKG Cyclic Nucleotide Binding Proteins
1.3. 2′,3′-cAMP and Other 2′,3′-cNMPs
1.4. Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate-Adenosine Monophosphate (cGAMP) Synthase (cGAS)
1.5. Eukaryotic Pathogen (Cyclic) Nucleotide Binding Proteins
1.6. Prokaryotic Cyclic Nucleotide Binding Proteins
- 3′–5′, 3′–5′ cyclic di-GMP regulates transitions between biofilm formation, motility, temperature sensation and many additional bacterial behaviors.
- 3′–5′, 3′–5′ cyclic di-AMP controls osmoregulation in procaryotes.
- CD-NTases synthesize 3′–5′, 3′–5′ cyclic GMP-AMP, and many other cyclic-oligonucleotides (coNs), to induce phage (virus) defense.
1.7. cNMP Analogues as Research Tools (Affinity Chromatography and Fluorescence Microscopy)
1.8. cNMP Analogues in Pharmacological or Clinical Studies: Present and Future
2. Practical Considerations for the Use of cNMP Analogues in Biological Systems
2.1. Cell Permeability/Membrane Passage
2.2. Metabolism/Degradation of the Analog
2.3. Target Selectivity
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Maronde, E. Cyclic Nucleotide (cNMP) Analogues: Past, Present and Future. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12879. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312879
Maronde E. Cyclic Nucleotide (cNMP) Analogues: Past, Present and Future. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(23):12879. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312879
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaronde, Erik. 2021. "Cyclic Nucleotide (cNMP) Analogues: Past, Present and Future" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 23: 12879. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312879