Hypoxia-Induced S100A8 Expression Activates Microglial Inflammation and Promotes Neuronal Apoptosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Hypoxia Increased the Production of S100A8 Protein in Neuronal and Microglial Cells and Induced the Secretion of S100A8 in SH-SY5Y Cells
2.2. S100A8 Induced Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Production Via Phosphorylation of ERK and JNK in BV-2 Cells
2.3. S100A8 Regulated NLRP3 Inflammasome Priming through TLR4/NF-κB Signaling in BV-2 Cells
2.4. S100A8 Knockdown on Microglia Attenuated Neuronal Apoptosis by Hypoxia
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Cell Culture
4.3. Plasmids and Transfection
4.4. Measurement of Apoptosis by Flow Cytometry
4.5. Western Blot Analysis
4.6. ELISA
4.7. Immunofluorescence Analysis
4.8. Real-Time Quantitative PCR Analysis
4.9. Statistical Analyses
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DAMP | Damage-associated molecular pattern |
ERK | Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase |
JNK | c-Jun N-terminal kinase |
HMGB1 | High-mobility group box 1 |
S100A8 | S100 calcium-binding protein A8 |
TLR4 | Toll-like receptor-4 |
MAPK | Mitogen-activated protein kinase |
NLR | Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor |
COX-2 | Cyclooxygenase-2 |
PGE2 | Prostaglandin E2 |
IL-6 | Interleukin-6 |
TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor |
RAGE | Receptor for advanced glycation end products |
NF-κB | Nuclear factor- κB |
AIM2 | Absent in melanoma 2 |
ASC | Adapter apoptosis-associated speck-like protein |
AD | Alzheimer’s disease |
DMEM | Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium |
PBS | Phosphate-buffered saline |
FBS | Fetal bovine serum |
HBSS | Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution |
ATP | Adenosine 5′-triphosphate disodium salt hydrate |
SDS | Sodium dodecyl sulfate |
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Ha, J.S.; Choi, H.-R.; Kim, I.S.; Kim, E.-A.; Cho, S.-W.; Yang, S.-J. Hypoxia-Induced S100A8 Expression Activates Microglial Inflammation and Promotes Neuronal Apoptosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 1205. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031205
Ha JS, Choi H-R, Kim IS, Kim E-A, Cho S-W, Yang S-J. Hypoxia-Induced S100A8 Expression Activates Microglial Inflammation and Promotes Neuronal Apoptosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(3):1205. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031205
Chicago/Turabian StyleHa, Ji Sun, Hye-Rim Choi, In Sik Kim, Eun-A Kim, Sung-Woo Cho, and Seung-Ju Yang. 2021. "Hypoxia-Induced S100A8 Expression Activates Microglial Inflammation and Promotes Neuronal Apoptosis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 3: 1205. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031205