Advanced Glycations End Products in the Skin as Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Formation of AGEs and Physiopathology
3. Assessment of AGEs
4. SAF and Diabetic Microvascular Complications
5. SAF and Diabetic Macrovascular Complications
5.1. SAF and Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease
5.2. SAF and Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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First Author (Year) | Participants and Diabetes Type | Measurement | Main Findings |
---|---|---|---|
Temma (2015) [37] | 61 T2D | C-IMT | SAF well correlated with the degree of max-IMT of the carotid artery. |
Hangai (2016) [27] | 122 T2D | baPWV; C-IMT; CACs | SAF positively correlated with CACs. Stronger with CACs than either PWV or IMT. |
Fujino (2018) [80] | 108 (50% T2D) | Coronary plaques assessed by OCT. | SAF positively associated with more vulnerable and calcified plaques. |
Ninomiya (2018) [81] | 140 (T1D and T2D) | Subclinical atherosclerosis: FMV, IMT, baPWV | SAF is an independent determinant of brachial FMD (indicator of endothelial dysfunction), and SAF is associated with IMT and baPWV (markers of early-stage atherosclerosis). |
Yoshioka (2018) [46] | 162 T2D and 42 controls | C-IMT | SAF was an independent determinant of max-IMT (early-stage atherosclerosis). |
Osawa (2018) [82] | 193 T2D and 24 controls | C-IMT, ankle-brachial index, baPWV | SAF was significantly associated with C-IMT and baPWV but was not an independent determinant of C-IMT and baPWV after adjustment for confounders. |
Jujić (2019) [83] | 496 (10% T2D) | Carotid ultrasound. (TPA) | SAF is associated with the degree of atherosclerosis. A 1 SD increment in SAF is associated with increased atherosclerotic burden (TPA). |
Sánchez (2019) [25] | 2568 (non-diabetic subjects) | TPA (vascular carotid and femoral ultrasound) | SAF is associated with increased atherosclerotic burden (the presence of plaque, number of affected territories, and TPA). |
Birukov (2021) [84] | 1348 (T2D and non-diabetic subjects) | Vascular stiffness: carotid-femoral and aortic PWV and brachial and aortic augmentation indices. | SAF is positively associated with measures of arterial stiffness, independent of potential cardiometabolic confounders and glycemic status. |
Planas (2021) [85] | 156 T2D and 52 non-diabetic subjects. | Coronary atherosclerosis assessed by CACs. | SAF is a good and independent predictor of CACs ≥ 400. |
Ying (2021) [86] | 1013 T2D | LEAD (color doppler ultrasonography). | SAF is associated with the presence of lower extremity atherosclerosis. |
First Author (Year) | Participants and Diabetes Type | Outcome | Follow Up | Main Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|
Meerwaldt (2007) [42] | 69 T2D, 48 T1D, and 43 controls | CV mortality | 5 years | SAF strongly associated with CV mortality. OR 2.9 CI 95% 1.3–4.4 for T2D, and OR 2.0 CI 95% 1.3–2.7 for T1D. |
Tanaka (2011) [40] | 130 T2D | Ancient macrovascular complications | Cross sectional | SAF associated with macrovascular complications (OR 7.25 CI 95% 2.22–23.7). |
Noordzij (2012) [36] | 563 T2D | Ancient macrovascular complications | Cross sectional | SAF was associated with macrovascular complications. |
De Vos (2015) [90] | 267 (10% T2D) | New amputations in patients with PAD | 5.3 years | SAF predicts amputations in patients with PAD independent of diabetes. HR 2.72 (CI 95% 1.38–1.539) per unit of SAF for amputation. |
Furuya (2015) [50] | 64 subjects with CKD in hemodialysis (56.3% subjects with diabetes) | New CV events | 3 years | SAF is significantly associated with incidence of new CV event OR 2.96 CI 95% 1.26–8.16 |
Siriopol (2015) [49] | 304 dialysis subjects (18.4% diabetic subjects) | CV mortality, sepsis-related mortality, other causes of mortality | 2.5 years | SAF is associated in all-cause (HR 2.09 CI 95% 1.24–3.59) and sepsis-related mortality (HR 3.44 CI 95% 1.59–7.42). |
Yozgatli (2018) [91] | 563 T2D | New CV events and microvascular complications | 5 years | SAF is a significant predictor of fatal and non-fatal CV events (HR 1.53 CI 95% 1.24–1.48 per unit of SAF in the development of CV events. |
Kunimoto (2021) [92] | 204 subjects with heart failure and CVD (30% T2D) | Major CV event (all cause of mortality + unplanned hospitalization for heart failure) | 1.6 years | Higher SAF levels are significantly and independently associated with major CV events. SAF was associated with major CV adverse event (OR 2 CI 95% 1.41–2.78, p < 0.01). |
Boersma (2021) [93] | 1318 T2D 1031 new T2D | New CV events | 3.7 years | SAF is significantly and independently associated with the new CV event and mortality in people with T2D (OR 2.59 CI 95% 2.1–3.2). |
Planas (2021) [94] | 187 T2D and 57 controls | First CV event | 4.35 years | Higher values of SAF are predictors of new CV events (HR 4.68 CI 95% 1.83–11.96). |
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Planas, A.; Simó-Servat, O.; Hernández, C.; Simó, R. Advanced Glycations End Products in the Skin as Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 6234. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116234
Planas A, Simó-Servat O, Hernández C, Simó R. Advanced Glycations End Products in the Skin as Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(11):6234. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116234
Chicago/Turabian StylePlanas, Alejandra, Olga Simó-Servat, Cristina Hernández, and Rafael Simó. 2022. "Advanced Glycations End Products in the Skin as Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 11: 6234. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116234