TLR/WNT: A Novel Relationship in Immunomodulation of Lung Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) in Lung
2.1. TLRs and TLR Signaling
2.2. TLRs Role in Lung Cancer
3. WNT in Lung Cancer
3.1. WNT Signaling Pathway
3.2. Alterations of the WNT Signaling Pathway in Lung Cancer
4. TLR/WNT Crosstalk
4.1. TLR/WNT Crosstalk in the Lung
4.2. TLR/WNT in Lung Cancer
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Receptor | Tumor Type | Tumor Role | Mechanism | Pathways or Molecules Involved | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TLRs | Intestine, liver, skin | Protumoral | Inflammation | NF-κB, IL-1β, TNFα and IL-6 | [46] |
TLR2 | Gastric | Protumoral | Cell survival and proliferation in gastric tumor epithelium | PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2, JNK MAPKs, NF-kb | [47] |
TLR2/6 | Lewis lung carcinoma | Protumoral | Inflammation, macrophage activation, metastasis | Myd88, TRIF, ECM-protein versican, IL-6, TNF-α | [48] |
TLR2/4 | Lung | Protumoral | ECM remodeling, | EGFR | [38] |
TLR3 | Breast | Protumoral | Tumor growth | β- Catenin, NF-κB | [49] |
TLR4 | Liver | Protumoral | Inflammation | NF-κB | [50] |
TLR4 | Lung | Protumoral | immunosuppression, antiapoptosis | VEGF, TGF-β, IL-8 | [42] |
TLR4 | Colon | Protumoral | Inflammation, tumor burden | Cox-2 | [51] |
TLR4 | Skin | Protumoral | Inflammation | Myd88 | [52] |
TLR7 | Pancreatic | Protumoral | Stromal inflammation | NF-kB, MAPKs | [53] |
TLR7, TLR8 | Lung | Protumoral | Inflammation, tumor cell growth and survival, chemoresistance | NF-kB, MAPK, IRF, Bcl-2, IL-6, IL-8, CSF-2, IL-1α, IL-12, NOS-2 | [44] |
TLR9 | Lung | Protumoral | Monocyte recruitment, antiapoptosis | MCP1 | [45] |
TLR2 | Lung | Antitumoral | Monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cell | JNK, TNF-α, IL-12p40, IL-12p70 | [54] |
TLR3 | Prostate, liver | Antitumoral | Treatment with agonist stops tumor growth | Type I interferons | [55] |
TLR3 | Liver | Antitumoral | Induction of tumor parenchyma (hepatocytes) cell death; induction of intratumor expression of chemokines that attract NK cells or T cells to the tumor microenvironment; and activation of tumor-infiltrating NK cells that promote cytotoxic activity. | IFN-γ | [56] |
TLR5 | Breast, colon | Antitumoral | Immune cell activation | Dendritic cells | [37,57,58] |
TLR7/8 | Melanoma | Antitumoral | Immune cell activation | Dendritic cells and Natural Killer | [38,39] |
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Martín-Medina, A.; Cerón-Pisa, N.; Martinez-Font, E.; Shafiek, H.; Obrador-Hevia, A.; Sauleda, J.; Iglesias, A. TLR/WNT: A Novel Relationship in Immunomodulation of Lung Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 6539. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126539
Martín-Medina A, Cerón-Pisa N, Martinez-Font E, Shafiek H, Obrador-Hevia A, Sauleda J, Iglesias A. TLR/WNT: A Novel Relationship in Immunomodulation of Lung Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(12):6539. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126539
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartín-Medina, Aina, Noemi Cerón-Pisa, Esther Martinez-Font, Hanaa Shafiek, Antònia Obrador-Hevia, Jaume Sauleda, and Amanda Iglesias. 2022. "TLR/WNT: A Novel Relationship in Immunomodulation of Lung Cancer" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 12: 6539. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126539