Next Article in Journal
Purinergic Signaling in Oral Tissues
Previous Article in Journal
Relative Nuclease Resistance of a DNA Aptamer Covalently Conjugated to a Target Protein
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
IJMS
Volume 23
Issue 14
10.3390/ijms23147776
ijms-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Communication

Glyoxal Fixation Is Optimal for Immunostaining of Brain Vessels, Pericytes and Blood-Brain Barrier Proteins

by
Sithara Thomas
,
Jayanarayanan Sadanandan
,
Spiros L. Blackburn
,
Devin W. McBride
,
Ari Dienel
,
Sungha Hong
,
Hussein A. Zeineddine
and
Peeyush Kumar Thankamani
*
The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 7.147, Houston, TX 77030, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(14), 7776; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147776
Submission received: 20 May 2022 / Revised: 7 July 2022 / Accepted: 12 July 2022 / Published: 14 July 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Immunology)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Brain vascular staining is very important for understanding cerebrovascular pathologies. 4% paraformaldehyde is considered the gold standard fixation technique for immunohistochemistry and it revolutionized the examination of proteins in fixed tissues. However, this fixation technique produces inconsistent immunohistochemical staining results due to antigen masking. Here, we test a new fixation protocol using 3% glyoxal and demonstrate that this method improves the staining of the brain vasculature, pericytes, and tight junction proteins compared to 4% paraformaldehyde. Use of this new fixation technique will provide more detailed information about vascular protein expressions, their distributions, and colocalizations with other proteins at the molecular level in the brain vasculature.
Keywords: glyoxal; paraformaldehyde; vascular staining; blood-brain barrier; tight junction; pericytes glyoxal; paraformaldehyde; vascular staining; blood-brain barrier; tight junction; pericytes

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Thomas, S.; Sadanandan, J.; Blackburn, S.L.; McBride, D.W.; Dienel, A.; Hong, S.; Zeineddine, H.A.; Thankamani, P.K. Glyoxal Fixation Is Optimal for Immunostaining of Brain Vessels, Pericytes and Blood-Brain Barrier Proteins. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 7776. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147776

AMA Style

Thomas S, Sadanandan J, Blackburn SL, McBride DW, Dienel A, Hong S, Zeineddine HA, Thankamani PK. Glyoxal Fixation Is Optimal for Immunostaining of Brain Vessels, Pericytes and Blood-Brain Barrier Proteins. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(14):7776. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147776

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thomas, Sithara, Jayanarayanan Sadanandan, Spiros L. Blackburn, Devin W. McBride, Ari Dienel, Sungha Hong, Hussein A. Zeineddine, and Peeyush Kumar Thankamani. 2022. "Glyoxal Fixation Is Optimal for Immunostaining of Brain Vessels, Pericytes and Blood-Brain Barrier Proteins" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 14: 7776. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147776

APA Style

Thomas, S., Sadanandan, J., Blackburn, S. L., McBride, D. W., Dienel, A., Hong, S., Zeineddine, H. A., & Thankamani, P. K. (2022). Glyoxal Fixation Is Optimal for Immunostaining of Brain Vessels, Pericytes and Blood-Brain Barrier Proteins. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(14), 7776. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147776

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop