Genetic and Biochemical Aspects of Floral Scents in Roses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Scent Composition of Modern Roses
3. Molecular Research Progress on Rose Scent Biosynthesis
3.1. Biosynthesis of Terpenoids in Rose Floral Scents
3.2. Biosynthesis of Phenylpropanoids/Benzenoids in Rose Floral Scents
3.3. Transcriptional Regulation of Rose Floral Scent Synthesis
4. Regulation of Floral Scent Production and Emission in Roses
4.1. Floral Scent Production Sites in Roses
4.2. Flower Developmental Stages for Scent Production in Roses
4.3. Diurnal Regulation of Scent Production in Rose Flowers
4.4. Environmental and Internal Factors Affecting Rose Scent Production
4.5. Internal Mechanisms of Rose Scent Emission after Production
5. Molecular Breeding and Metabolic Engineering of Rose Floral Scents
6. Obstacles in Further Study for Rose Floral Scents
7. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound Variety | Compounds | Odor | References |
---|---|---|---|
terpenes | β-cubebene | citrus, fruity, radish | [25,31] |
β-elemene | herbal, waxy, fresh | [26,31] | |
δ-cadinene | thyme, herbal, woody | [27] | |
germacrene D | woody, spice | [31] | |
geraniol | rose-like, sweet | [28,31,32] | |
citronellol | fresh rosy | [27,28,31] | |
nerol | lemon-like, floral | [27,28,32] | |
linalool | citrus and floral | [27,32] | |
farnesyl acetate | green-floral rose | [27] | |
geranyl acetate | lavender | [27,31] | |
citronellyl acetate | fresh, rose, fruity odor | [25,31] | |
neryl acetate | rose and lavender-like | [25,31] | |
citral | citrus and lemon | [25,27] | |
dihydro-β-ionone | violet-like and earthy | [27] | |
rose oxide | herbal, green floral, earthy | [30] | |
Phenylpropanoids/ benzenoids | 2-phenylethanol | honey-like | [28,30,31] |
2-phenylethyl acetate | sweet, honey, rosy, with a slight yeasty honey note | [27,30,31,32] | |
1,3,5-Trimethoxybenzene (TMB) | phenolic spicy, earthy note | [28,33,34] | |
dimethoxytoluene (DMT) | fresh, earthy, phenolic spicy | [28,33] | |
benzyl acetate | floral, fruity, sweet, fresh | [27,32] | |
eugenol | clove, carnation | [28,35] | |
methyl eugenol | clove, carnation | [27,34] | |
methyl isoeugenol | clove, carnation, woody | [27,34] | |
fatty-acid derivatives | cis-3-hexenyl-1-alcohol | fresh and leafy green | [25,28,32] |
2-hexenyl acetate | fresh, fruity green | [27,31,32] | |
cis-3-hexenyl acetate | fresh and leafy green | [27,31] |
Pathway | Gene | Species | References |
---|---|---|---|
Terpenoids | RhGDS | R. hybrid ‘Fragrant Cloud’ | [47] |
RhCCD1 | R. damascene | [48] | |
RhCCD4 | R. damascene | [49] | |
RrLIS | R. rugosa Thunb. ‘Tangzi’ | [50] | |
RhAAT | R. hybrida ‘Fragrant Cloud’ | [32,51] | |
RrAAT | R. rugosa Thunb. ‘Tangzi’ | [50] | |
RrDXS | R. rugosa Thunb. ‘Tangzi’ | [50] | |
RrDXR | R. rugosa Thunb. ‘Tangzi’ | [50] | |
RcGDS | R. chinensis ‘Old Blush’ | [42] | |
RhNUDX1 | R. chinensis ‘Old Blush’ | [18] | |
Phenylpropanoids /benzenoids | RhPAAS | R. hybrida ‘Fragrant Cloud’ | [52] |
Rose-PAR | R.×damascena Mill | [53] | |
RyAAAT3 | R. hybrida ‘Yves Piaget’ | [54] | |
RyPPDC | R. hybrida ‘Yves Piaget’ | [55] | |
RcPOMT | R. chinensis Jacq.var. spontanea | [56] | |
RcEGS1 | R. chinensis ‘Old Blush’ | [57] | |
RcOOMT1 | R. hybrida ‘Fragrant Cloud’ and ‘Golden Gate’; R. chinensis Jacq.var. spontanea | [34,35] | |
RcOOMT2 | R. hybrida ‘Fragrant Cloud’ and ‘Golden Gate’; R. chinensis Jacq.var. spontanea | [34,35] | |
RcOMT 1 | R. chinensis var. spontanea | [34] | |
RcOMT 2 | R. chinensis var. spontanea | [34] | |
AADC | R. ‘Hoh-Jun’ | [58] | |
RhMYB1 | R. hybrida ‘Jinyindao’ | [59] |
Pathways | Scent-Related Genes or Traits | LG | Population | Rose Species | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
terpenoids | geraniol (QTL) | LG1 | Linkage groups 94/1 | R. multiflora | [114] |
TPS-L (Terpene synthase-like) | LG1 | Linkage groups 94/1 | R. multiflora | [46] | |
RhCCD1 | LG1 | Linkage groups 94/1 | R. multiflora | [46,114] | |
RhAAT1 | LG2 | Linkage groups 94/1 + Linkage groups 97/7 | R. multiflora | [46,114] | |
geranyl acetate | LG2 | Linkage groups 94/1 | R. multiflora | [114] | |
nerol | LG3 | Linkage groups 94/1 | R. multiflora | [114] | |
β-citronellol (QTL) | LG3 | Linkage groups 94/1 | R. multiflora | [114] | |
neryl acetate | LG4 | Linkage groups 94/1 | R. multiflora | [114] | |
TPS-L (Terpene synthase-like, Farnesyltransferase) | LG4 | Linkage groups 94/1 | R. multiflora | [46] | |
GDS | LG5 | Linkage groups 94/1 + Linkage groups 97/7 | R. multiflora | [46,114] | |
TPS-L (Terpene synthase-like) | LG5 | Linkage groups 94/1 | R. multiflora | [46] | |
alcohol acetate | LG7 | Linkage groups 94/1 | R. multiflora | [114] | |
Phenylpropanoids | RhPAR | LG1 | Linkage groups 94/1 | R. multiflora | [46,114] |
RhOOMT1 | LG2 | Linkage groups 94/1 | R. multiflora | [114] | |
RhOOMT2 | LG2 | Linkage groups 94/1 | R. multiflora | [46] | |
RcOMT3-1 | LG2 | Linkage groups 94/1 + Linkage groups 97/7 | R. multiflora | [114] | |
RcOMT3-265 | LG2 | Linkage groups 94/1 | R. multiflora | [46] | |
BEAT-L | LG2 | Linkage groups 94/1 | R. multiflora | [46] | |
NMT-L (N-methyltransferase) | LG2 | Linkage groups 97/7 | R. multiflora | [46] | |
BEAT-L | LG4 | Linkage groups 97/7 | R. multiflora | [46] | |
RcOMT3-2 | LG4 | Linkage groups 94/1 + Linkage groups 97/7 | R. multiflora | [114] | |
RcOMT3-280 | LG4 | Linkage groups 97/7 | R. multiflora | [46] | |
RcOMT1 | LG4 | Linkage groups 97/7 | R. multiflora | [46,114] | |
phenylethanol (QTL) | LG5 | Linkage groups 94/1 | R. multiflora | [114] | |
RhAADC | LG5 | Linkage groups 97/7 | R. multiflora | [114] | |
POMT | LG6 | Linkage groups 94/1 + Linkage groups 97/7 | R. multiflora | [46,114] |
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Shi, S.; Zhang, Z. Genetic and Biochemical Aspects of Floral Scents in Roses. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 8014. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23148014
Shi S, Zhang Z. Genetic and Biochemical Aspects of Floral Scents in Roses. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(14):8014. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23148014
Chicago/Turabian StyleShi, Shaochuan, and Zhao Zhang. 2022. "Genetic and Biochemical Aspects of Floral Scents in Roses" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 14: 8014. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23148014