Stellettin B-Induced Oral Cancer Cell Death via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress–Mitochondrial Apoptotic and Autophagic Signaling Pathway
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Stellettin B Inhibits the Viability of OSCC Cells
2.2. Stellettin B Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis
2.3. Stellettin B Down-Regulates Oxygen Consumption of Mitochondria
2.4. Stellettin B Induces ER Stress
2.5. Stellettin B Induces MAPK Activation
2.6. Stellettin B Induces Autophagy-Related Acidic Vesicular Organelles and Autophagic Protein Expression
2.7. The Autophagy Inhibitor 3-MA Attenuates Stellettin B-Induced Cell Viability and Autophagic Proteins
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Reagents
4.2. Cell Culture
4.3. Crystal Violet Assay
4.4. Cell Viability Assay: MTT Method
4.5. Cell Cycle Analysis
4.6. TUNEL Staining
4.7. Western Blot Analysis
4.8. Immunofluorescence Staining
4.9. Quantification of AVOs
4.10. Mitochondrial Respiration Measurement
4.11. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviation & Definition
3-MA | 3-Methyladenine |
AKT | Protein kinase B |
AO | Acridine Orange |
Atg5 | Autophagy related 5 |
AVOs | Acidic Vesicular Organelles |
BiP/GRP78 | Binding immunoglobulin Protein/Glucose Regulatory Protein 78 |
BSA | Bovine Serum Albumin |
DAPI | 4,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole |
DMEM | Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium |
DMSO | Dimethyl Sulfoxide |
ECAR | Extra Cellular Acidification Rate |
ER | Endoplasmic Reticulum |
ERK | Extracellular signal-regulated kinases |
FCCP | Carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone |
HO-1 | Heme-oxygenase 1 |
HRP | Horseradish peroxidase |
IC50 | 50% Inhibitory concentration |
IgG | Immunoglobulin G |
JNK | c-Jun N-terminal kinase |
LC3 | Microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B |
MAPK | Mitogen-activated protein kinase |
mTOR | Mammalian target of rapamycin |
MTT | 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide |
NMMBA | National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium |
Nrf2 | Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 |
OCRs | Oxygen Consumption Rates |
OSCC | Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma |
OXPHOS | Oxidative phosphorylation |
PARP | Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase |
PBS | Phosphate buffered saline |
PI3Ks | Phosphoinositide 3-kinases |
PVDF | Polyvinylidene difluoride |
RPMI | Roswell Park Memorial Institute |
RIPA | Radioimmunoprecipitation assay |
p62/SQSTM1 | Ubiquitin-binding protein p62/Sequestosome-1 |
ROS | Reactive Oxygen Species |
SE | Standard error |
TBST | Tris-buffered saline, 0.1% Tween 20 detergent |
TUNEL | Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling |
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Primary Antibody | Host | Catalog # | Supplier | Dilution Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cleaved caspase-3 | Rabbit | 9664S | Cell Signaling | 1:1000 |
PARP | Rabbit | 9542S | Cell Signaling | 1:1000 |
p62/SQSTM1 | Rabbit | 18420-1-ap | ProteinTech | 1:1000 |
Beclin-1 | Rabbit | 11306-1-ap | ProteinTech | 1:1000 |
LC3 | Rabbit | AP1802a | Abgent | 1:1000 |
Bip/GRP78 | Rabbit | ab21685 | Abcam | 1:1000 |
Calnexin | Rabbit | ab22595 | Abcam | 1:1000 |
Phospho-p38 | Rabbit | 4511S | Cell Signaling | 1:1000 |
p38 | Rabbit | 9212 | Cell Signaling | 1:1000 |
Phospho-ERK | Rabbit | 4370S | Cell Signaling | 1:1000 |
ERK | Rabbit | 4695 | Cell Signaling | 1:1000 |
Phospho-JNK | Rabbit | 4668S | Cell Signaling | 1:1000 |
JNK | Rabbit | 9252S | Cell Signaling | 1:1000 |
β-actin (HRP conjugate) | Mouse | 12262S | Cell Signaling | 1:2000 |
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Kuo, T.-J.; Jean, Y.-H.; Shih, P.-C.; Cheng, S.-Y.; Kuo, H.-M.; Lee, Y.-T.; Lai, Y.-C.; Tseng, C.-C.; Chen, W.-F.; Wen, Z.-H. Stellettin B-Induced Oral Cancer Cell Death via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress–Mitochondrial Apoptotic and Autophagic Signaling Pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 8813. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158813
Kuo T-J, Jean Y-H, Shih P-C, Cheng S-Y, Kuo H-M, Lee Y-T, Lai Y-C, Tseng C-C, Chen W-F, Wen Z-H. Stellettin B-Induced Oral Cancer Cell Death via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress–Mitochondrial Apoptotic and Autophagic Signaling Pathway. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(15):8813. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158813
Chicago/Turabian StyleKuo, Tsu-Jen, Yen-Hsuan Jean, Po-Chang Shih, Shu-Yu Cheng, Hsiao-Mei Kuo, Yi-Ting Lee, Yu-Cheng Lai, Chung-Chih Tseng, Wu-Fu Chen, and Zhi-Hong Wen. 2022. "Stellettin B-Induced Oral Cancer Cell Death via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress–Mitochondrial Apoptotic and Autophagic Signaling Pathway" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 15: 8813. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158813