Effective Perturbations by Small-Molecule Modulators on Voltage-Dependent Hysteresis of Transmembrane Ionic Currents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Hys(V) Behavior Residing in Hyperpolarization-Activated Cation Current (Ih)
2.1. Pirfenidone (Esbriet®, 5-Methyl-1-Phenylpyridin-2[H-1]-One)
2.2. Dexmedetomidine
2.3. Oxaliplatin
2.4. Honokiol
2.5. Lutein (Xanthophyll, β,ε-Carotene-3,3′-Diol or 3,3′-Di-Hydroxy-β,α-Carotene)
3. Hys(V) Behavior Residing in Erg-Mediated K+ Current (IK(erg))
3.1. UCL-2077 (3-(Triphenylmethylaminomethyl)pyridine))
3.2. SM-102 (1-Octylnonyl 8-[(2-Hydroxyethyl)[6-oxo-6(Undecyloxy)hexyl]amino]-Octanoate)
3.3. Isoplumbagin (5-Hydroxy-3-Methyl-1,4-Naphthoquinone) and Plumbagin (5-Hydroxy-2-Methyl-1,4-Naphthoquinone)
4. Hys(V) Behavior Residing in M-Type K+ Current (IK(M))
4.1. Remdesivir (Development Code: GS-5734)
4.2. QO-58 (5-(2,6-Dichloro-5-Fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3-Phenyl-2-(Trifluoromethyl)-1H-Pyrazolol[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-One)
5. Hys(V) Behavior Residing in L-Type Ca2+ Current (ICa,L)
Zingerone (Ginerone, Vanillylacetone)
6. Hys(V) Behavior Residing in Persistent Na+ Current (INa(P))
6.1. Esaxerenone (Minnebro®)
6.2. Mirogabalin
6.3. Dapagliflozin (Foxiga®)
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
erg | ether-à-go-go-related gene |
Hys(V) | voltage-dependent hysteresis |
HCN channel | hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel |
ICa,L | L-type Ca2+ current |
Ih | hyperpolarization-activated cation current |
IK(erg) | erg-mediated K+ current |
IK(M) | M-type K+ current |
INa(L) | late Na+ current |
INa(P) | persistent Na+ current |
INa(T) | transient (peak) Na+ current |
Kerg channel | erg-mediated K+ channel |
KM channel | M-type K+ channel |
NaV channel | voltage-gated Na+ channel |
SGLT | Na+-dependent glucose co-transporter |
Vramp | ramp voltage |
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Associated Ionic Currents | Small Molecules |
---|---|
hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih) | pirfenidone, oxaliplatin, lutein, dexmedetomidine, honokiol |
erg-mediated K+ current (IK(erg)) | UCL-2077, SM-102, isoplumbagin, plumbagin |
M-type K+ current (IK(M)) | remdesivir, QO-58 |
L-type Ca2+ current (ICa,L) | zingerone |
persistent Na+ current (INa(P)) | esaxerenone, tefluthrin, t-butyl hydroperoxide, mirogabalin, and dapagliflozin |
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Wu, S.-N.; Wu, C.-L.; Cho, H.-Y.; Chiang, C.-W. Effective Perturbations by Small-Molecule Modulators on Voltage-Dependent Hysteresis of Transmembrane Ionic Currents. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 9453. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169453
Wu S-N, Wu C-L, Cho H-Y, Chiang C-W. Effective Perturbations by Small-Molecule Modulators on Voltage-Dependent Hysteresis of Transmembrane Ionic Currents. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(16):9453. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169453
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Sheng-Nan, Chao-Liang Wu, Hsin-Yen Cho, and Chi-Wu Chiang. 2022. "Effective Perturbations by Small-Molecule Modulators on Voltage-Dependent Hysteresis of Transmembrane Ionic Currents" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 16: 9453. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169453