The Impact of Taste Preference-Related Gene Polymorphisms on Alcohol Consumption Behavior: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Search Outcomes
2.2. Studies Included in the Review
2.3. Quality Assessment of Included Studies
2.4. Characteristics of Studies Included in the Review
2.5. Phenotype Assessment Methods Used in the Studies Reviewed
2.6. Effect of Genetic Polymorphisms on Alcohol Consumption
2.7. Discussion
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Search Strategy and Eligibility Criteria
3.2. Quality Assessment of Included Studies
3.3. Data Extraction
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene/Nearest Gene | Encoded Protein | SNP ID | Alleles (dbSNP) | Effect on Taste Perception/Preference (if Available) |
---|---|---|---|---|
TAS2R38 | Taste 2 Receptor Member 38 | rs713598, rs1726866, rs10246939 | C > A, G, T G > A T > C | rs713598 is the first location (P/A), rs1726866 is the second location (A/V) and rs1024693 is the third location (V/I) when considering haplotypes [23]. PAV (proline–alanine–valine) homozygotes (dominant haplotype) define the taster form, AVI (alanine–valine–isoleucine) homozygotes the non-taster phenotype and heterozygotes are characterized by intermediate sensitivity to PROP and PTC [21]. rs713598 has the greatest effect on bitter taste signal transduction, rs1726866 possesses weaker effects and rs10246939 site has no detectable effect at all [24]. |
TAS1R2 | Taste 1 Receptor Member 2 | rs35874116 | T > C | CC and CT vs. TT was found to be associated with higher intake of sweet foods [21]. This SNP (single nucleotide polymorphisms) is located in the primary extracellular domain of the T1R2, which is predicted to harbor the ligand-docking site for carbohydrates and sweet-tasting molecules [25], would contribute to differences in sweet taste perception and food and wine intake [26]. |
TAS1R3 | Taste 1 Receptor Member 3 | rs307355 | T > A, C | Located in the 5′UTR (untranslated region) of TAS1R3, this cytosine to thymine substitution may affect gene transcription [27] and lead to changes in sweetness and alcohol perception [26]. Reduced taste sensitivity to sucrose was also identified in case of the T alleles of this variant [21]. |
TAS2R10 | Taste 2 Receptor Member 10 | rs10845219 | T > C | - |
TAS2R10 [28] | Taste 2 Receptor Member 10 | rs4763216 | C > A, G | - |
TAS2R13 | Taste 2 Receptor Member 13 | rs1015443 | T >A, C | No association with bitterness of capsaicin, piperine, ethanol and PROP [29,30,31,32]. Minor allele may negatively influence the functioning of TAS2R13 [28]. |
TAS2R14 | Taste 2 Receptor Member 14 | rs7138535 | T > A | No association with stevioside perception [33]. |
TAS2R16 | Taste 2 Receptor Member 16 | rs846664 | A > C, G | The derived allele of this nonsynonymous mutation has been shown to increase sensitivity to toxic b-glucopyranosides [34] and was linked to higher sensitivity to salicin but not to PROP bitterness [21]. This variation leads to a functional change in the receptor [35]. The substitution is located in the extracellular loop 2 between transmembrane domains 4 and 5, which are responsible for ligand binding [36,37]. This change may lead to altered taste-related signaling and bitter responsiveness potentially resulting in differences in alcohol preference/consumption. |
TAS2R16 | Taste 2 Receptor Member 16 | rs978739 | T > C, G | No association with PROP bitterness [31]. |
TAS2R16 | Taste 2 Receptor Member 16 | rs860170 | C > T | The A allele was associated with perception of salicin bitterness [31]. |
TAS2R16 | Taste 2 Receptor Member 16 | rs1204014 | C > G, T | - |
TAS2R16 [28,38] | Taste 2 Receptor Member 16 | rs1308724 | G > A, C, T | No association was found with bitterness of Acesulfame Potassium and quinine [39,40]. |
TAS2R16 [38,41,42] | Taste 2 Receptor Member 16 | rs846672 | A > C, T | No association was observed with quinine bitterness [40]. |
TAS2R19 | Taste 2 Receptor Member 19 | rs10772420 | G > A | Allele A was associated with more intense quinine and grapefruit juice perception [21], which can be due to strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) between TAS2R19 and TAS2R31 SNPs [43]. |
TAS2R20 | Taste 2 Receptor Member 20 | rs12226920 | G > A, T | Associated with bitter grosheimin [44] and quinine [40] intensities. |
TAS2R20 | Taste 2 Receptor Member 20 | rs10845281 | T > A, C, G | Associated with bitter grosheimin intensities [44]. |
TAS2R3 | Taste 2 Receptor Member 3 | rs765007 | T > A, C | Located in the 5′UTR; therefore may regulate translation efficiency or messenger RNA stability [38]. No association with bitterness of capsaicin, piperine, ethanol threshold [45] and coffee liking, though TAS2R3, -R4, and -R5 haplotype allelic variations explained variability in coffee bitterness (individuals with 1 or 2 copies of the more responsive haplotype (TGAG) experienced twice as much bitterness compared with individuals homozygous for the less-responsive haplotype (CCGT) [38]. |
TAS2R39 | Taste 2 Receptor Member 39 | rs4726600 | G > A, C | No association was identified with quinine bitterness [40]. |
TAS2R4 | Taste 2 Receptor Member 4 | rs2233998 | T > C | This non-synonymous SNP was predicted by SIFT algorithm to alter function [46]. No associations were found with PROP, bitterness of capsaicin, piperine, ethanol [29,30,31]. |
TAS2R4 | Taste 2 Receptor Member 4 | rs2234001 | G > A, C, T | Research suggests that TAS2R3 rs2270009 alters 5 transcription factor binding motifs and consecutive alterations in the secondary structure and stability of T2R3 with the concomitant expression of rs2234001 C–T2R4 may cause altered ligand sensing [47]. No associations were found with Intensity ratings (test samples: sucrose, gentiobiose, aspartame and rebaudioside A and D) [39]. |
TAS2R40 | Taste 2 Receptor Member 40 | rs10260248 | C > A | - |
TAS2R40 [28,48] | Taste 2 Receptor Member 40 | rs534126 | C > G, T | - |
TAS2R41 | Taste 2 Receptor Member 41 | rs12666496 | A > T | - |
TAS2R41 | Taste 2 Receptor Member 41 | rs1404635 | G > A, C | - |
TAS2R43 | Taste 2 Receptor Member 43 | rs71443637 | T > C | Associated with grosheimin detection threshold and intensities [44] and coffee liking [45]. |
TAS2R46 | Taste 2 Receptor Member 46 | rs2708377 | C > A, G, T | It is located just adjacent to the coding region of the gene [49], whose receptor is activated by caffeine in vitro [50]. Associated with the perceived bitterness and detection threshold of caffeine [49]. |
TAS2R5 | Taste 2 Receptor Member 5 | rs2227264 | G > A, T | This non-synonymous SNP was predicted by SIFT algorithm to alter function [46]. |
TAS2R5 | Taste 2 Receptor Member 5 | rs2234012 | A > G | Located in the 5′UTR; therefore may regulate translation efficiency or messenger RNA stability [38]. |
TAS2R50 | Taste 2 Receptor Member 50 | rs1376251 | C > T | C allele was associated with dietary fiber and vegetable intake [42]. Also associated with bitter-tasting grosheimin strong, very strong intensity [44]. |
TAS2R50 | Taste 2 Receptor Member 50 | rs10772397 | C > A, G, T | Analyzed, but no association was found with bitterness of quinine [40]. |
TAS2R60 | Taste 2 Receptor Member 60 | rs4595035 | T > A, C, G | Being a synonymous polymorphism [38], it was hypothesized that it may have an altered function. Analyzed, but no association was found with quinine bitterness [40]. |
TAS2R7 | Taste 2 Receptor Member 7 | rs619381 | C > T | May impact TAS2R expression (it affects an amino acid in the C-terminal domain of TAS2R7, thus unlikely to directly impact ligand interactions) [15]. |
TAS2R8 | Taste 2 Receptor Member 8 | rs1548803 | C > T | Associated with quinine intensity [40]. |
CA6 | Carbonic Anhydrase 6 | rs2274333 | A > G | In some studies A alleles associated with supertasting of PROP [21]. |
GNAT3 | G Protein Subunit Alpha Transducin 3 | rs1524600 | G > A | C alleles associated with higher sensitivity for sucrose [51]. |
PRH1 * | Proline Rich Protein HaeIII Subfamily 1 | rs10492098 | G > A, C | Salivary levels of some peptides of the proline rich protein family have been suggested to modulate bitter taste perception [52]. |
PRH1-TAS2R14 | Proline Rich Protein HaeIII Subfamily 1—Taste 2 Receptor Member 14 | rs2597979 | G >A, C, T | G allele associated with increased intensity rating of PROP [53]. |
PRH1-TAS2R14 | Proline Rich Protein HaeIII Subfamily 1—Taste 2 Receptor Member 14 | rs11612527 | T > A | - |
PRR4 * | Proline Rich 4 | rs1047699 | T > A, C | PRR4 may have an association to Lipocalin-1 (LCN1), which could play a role in taste reception [54]. |
PRR4 * | Proline Rich 4 | rs1063193 | C > A, G, T | PRR4 may have an association to Lipocalin-1 (LCN1), which could play a role in taste reception [54]. |
TRPA1 | Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily A Member 1 | rs11988795 | C > A, G, T | Investigated, but no association was found with quinine [40]. Allele A was associated with enhanced perception of odorous stimulants [55]. |
Publication (First Author, Year) | Gene | SNP | Study Population Characteristics | Phenotype Assessment Method | Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beckett (2017) [56] | TAS2R38 | rs713598 | 180 Australian hospital patients (51% females; mean age 61.6 years). | FFQ | TAS2R38 rs713598 “P” allele carriers consumed fewer standard drinks per day and fewer standard drinks per day from spirits, and from mixed drinks compared to those without P allele. |
Hayes (2011) [38] | TAS2R16 | rs846672 | 96 healthy adults from Connecticut (mean age 40.9 years, 76% females). | Semiquantitative food frequency survey | Individuals with the AA genotype of TAS2R16 rs846672 consumed alcoholic beverages twice as frequently and the quantity of alcohol consumed was more than in case of people with other genotypes. |
TAS2R38 | rs713598, rs1726866, rs10246939 | TAS2R38 AVI homozygotes drank more than either heterozygotes or PAV homozygotes, and AVI homozygotes consumed alcohol more frequently than PAV homozygotes. | |||
TAS2R16 | rs1308724 | CC homozygotes of TAS2R16 rs1308724 consumed alcohol less frequently than heterozygotes, who also consumed less frequently than GG homozygotes. | |||
Ramos-Lopez (2015) [57] | TAS2R38 | rs713598, rs1726866, rs10246939 | 375 individuals (182 females, 193 males) from the city of Guadalajara (state of Jalisco, Mexico). | Medical history questionnaire | In comparison with heterozygotes and PAI homozygotes, TAS2R38 AVV/AVV genotype was significantly associated with alcohol intake, and the frequency of AVV homozygotes was significantly higher among drinkers than nondrinkers. |
Duffy (2004) [58] | TAS2R38 | rs713598, rs1726866, rs10246939 | 84 healthy adults (53 women and 31 men; 21–59 years). | Block Food Survey | TAS2R38 AVI/AVI homozygotes drank significantly more alcohol than either the PAV/AVI heterozygotes or the PAV/PAV homozygotes. |
Fu D. (2019) [41] | TAS2R38 | rs10246939, rs1726866, rs713598 | 519 respondents (52% females; 21 years of age or older) in California. | Alcohol consumption frequency | TAS2R38 (rs10246939, rs1726866, rs713598) showed significant association with alcohol consumption, and individuals carrying alleles allowing perception of bitterness in PTC consumed more alcohol. |
CA6 | rs2274333 | ||||
GNAT3 | rs1524600 | ||||
TAS2R16 | rs846664, | ||||
TAS2R19 | rs10772420 | ||||
TAS2R20 | rs12226920 | ||||
TAS2R43 | rs71443637 | ||||
TAS2R46 | rs2708377 | ||||
TAS2R50 | rs10772397 | ||||
TAS2R60 | rs4595035 | ||||
TAS2R8 | rs1548803 | ||||
TRPA1 | rs11988795 | ||||
TAS2R16 | rs846672 | ||||
Hinrichs (2006) [35] | TAS2R16 | rs846664, rs978739, rs860170, rs1204014 | A total of 262 families (2310 individuals). | Alcohol dependence | Individuals with the ancestral allele of TAS2R16 rs846664 were found to be at increased risk of alcohol dependence, regardless of ethnicity. |
Wang (2007) [59] | TAS2R38 | rs713598, rs1726866, rs10246939 | 262 families (2309 individuals). | SSAGA | The common taster haplotype TAS2R38 was significantly associated with a lower mean of the largest number of drinks that participants had ever had in a 24 h period compared with the other haplotypes. |
TAS2R16 | rs846664 | The TAS2R16 rs846664 allele associated with lower alcohol dependence risk and with lower mean of the largest number of drinks that participants had ever had in a 24 h period. | |||
Choi (2016) [60] | TAS2R38 | rs713598, rs1726866, rs10246939 | 1524 Korean participants (males 832, females 748). | FFQ | TAS2R38 diplotype was not associated with alcohol consumption (g/day). |
Choi (2017) [26] | TAS2R38 | rs713598, rs1726866, rs10246939 | 1829 participants (males 997, females 832). | Questionnaire | Participants with TAS2R38 AVI haplotype were less likely to be a drinker while TAS2R5 rs2227264 TT consumed more alcohol than other genotypes. TAS1R3 rs307355 CT carriers were associated with heavy drinking status and choice of alcoholic beverages. The homo-recessive type of TAS2R4 rs2233998 and TAS2R5 rs2227264 were associated with consumption of rice wine while TAS1R2 rs35874116C allele carriers were less likely to drink wine, and CC subjects had higher levels of intake than other genotypes. TAS2R50 rs1376251 CC drank more rice wine and spirits. TAS2R20 rs12226920 showed an association with the consumption of spirits. |
TAS2R5 | rs2227264 | ||||
TAS2R4 | rs2233998 | ||||
TAS1R3 | rs307355 | ||||
TAS1R2 | rs35874116 | ||||
TAS2R50 | rs1376251 | ||||
TAS2R20 | rs12226920 | ||||
Keller (2013) [61] | TAS2R38 | rs713598, rs1726866, rs10246939 | 1007 subjects (405 males, 602 females; mean age 48) from Eastern Germany. | Questionnaire | Categorizing individuals carrying at least one TAS2R38 PAV haplotype vs. AVI/AVI homozygous carriers, lower alcohol intake per week was observed in the PAV group. |
Vinuthalakshmi (2019) [62] | TAS2R38 | rs713598, rs1726866, rs10246939 | 296 subjects of Koraga primitive tribes (Southwest coast of Karnataka and Kerala state of India). | Questionnaire | Positive significant association was found between the TAS2R38 AVI/AVI haplotype and alcoholics. |
Dotson (2012) [28] | TAS2R38 | rs713598 rs10246939 rs1726866 | 173 (126 men and 47 women; mean age 60.7) head and neck cancer patients from clinics at the University of Florida. | The first three questions of the AUDIT | TAS2R38 was significantly associated with the first question of the AUDIT screening tool. The major allele, C rs713598 was strongly associated with decreased alcohol consumption. rs1015443 of TAS2R13 was significantly associated with the second and third questions of the AUDIT screening tool. CC homozygotes consumed alcoholic beverages less frequently compared to heterozygotes and minor allele homozygotes. |
TAS2R13 | rs1015443 | ||||
TAS2R3 | rs765007 | ||||
TAS2R4 | rs2234001 | ||||
TAS2R5 | rs2234012 | ||||
TAS2R7 | rs619381 | ||||
TAS2R8 | rs1548803 | ||||
TAS2R10 | rs10845219 | ||||
TAS2R14 | rs7138535 rs1376251 | ||||
TAS2R19 | rs10772420 | ||||
TAS2R20 | rs10845281 | ||||
TAS2R39 | rs4726600 | ||||
TAS2R40 | rs10260248 | ||||
TAS2R41 | rs1404635 | ||||
TAS2R10 | rs4763216 | ||||
PRH1-TAS2R14 | rs11612527 | ||||
EPHA1-AS1 | rs12666496 | ||||
PRH1 | rs10492098 | ||||
PRR4 | rs1047699 rs1063193 | ||||
TAS2R16 | rs1308724 rs846672 | ||||
TAS2R40 | rs534126 | ||||
Choi (2019) [63] | TAS2R38 | rs713598, rs1726866, rs10246939 | 3567 participants (1338 males and 2229 females; ages from 40 to 89 years) from three rural areas (Goryeong, Namwon, Yangpyeong) of Korea. | Questionnaire | No association of TAS2R38 with alcohol intake. |
Choi (2017) [65] | TAS2R38 | rs713598, rs1726866, rs10246939 | 2042 subjects (males 1390, females 652; mean age 56.1), from Korea. | Questionnaire | Either the individual or combined effect of TAS2R38 and CA6 genetic variants had no influence on daily alcohol consumption. |
CA6 | rs2274333 | ||||
Timpson (2005) [64] | TAS2R38 | rs713598, rs1726866, rs10246939 | 3383 British women (aged 60 to 79). | Questionnaire | No substantial evidence of significant association between TAS2R38 PAV and AVI haplotypes and alcohol consumption. |
Schembre (2013) [42] | TAS2R38 | rs713598, rs1726866, rs10246939 | 914 colorectal adenoma cases (males 60.2%) and 1188 controls (males 62.7%) (mean age of 60.6) years. | FFQ | No significant associations were identified between the TAS2R38 PAV/PAV diplotype, TAS2R50 rs1376251 and the TAS2R16 rs846672 polymorphisms with alcohol intake (mg/day). |
TAS2R50 | rs1376251 | ||||
TAS2R16 | rs846672 | ||||
Ong (2018) [53] | TAS2R38 | rs1726866 | 438 870 participants (males 45.8%; mean age: 56.5) of England, Wales and Scotland. | Drinking behavior | TAS2R38 rs1726866 was inversely associated with alcohol consumption. |
TAS2R19 | rs10772420 | ||||
PRH1-TAS2R14 | rs2597979 |
Gene | SNP | Association | No Association |
---|---|---|---|
TAS2R38 | rs713598, rs1726866, rs10246939 | AVI/AVI homozygotes drank alcohol more frequently and consumed significantly more alcoholic beverages than other genotypes [38]. Frequency of AVV homozygotes was significantly higher among drinkers when compared to non-drinkers and was associated with increased alcohol intake when compared with heterozygotes and PAI homozygotes [57]. AVI/AVI homozygotes consumed significantly more alcoholic beverages than other genotypes [58]. The common taster haplotype was significantly associated with a lower mean of the largest number of drinks that participants ever had in a 24 h period compared with the other haplotypes [59]. The dominant model analyses (PAV/PAV vs. PAV/AVI+AVI/AVI) confirmed that the subjects with the AVI haplotype were less likely to be a drinker [26]. Positive association between non-taster haplotype AVI/AVI and being alcoholic [62]. Lower alcohol intake (per week) was observed among subjects with at least one PAV haplotype vs. AVI/AVI homozygous subjects [61]. A significant association was found with alcohol consumption frequency. Carriers of the allele allowing perception of bitterness in PTC consumed alcohol at higher frequencies [41]. | No association with alcohol consumption. TAS2R38 diplotypes (PAV/PAV, PAV/AVI and AVI/AVI) showed no significant differences in daily alcohol consumption [60]. No association with beer consumption and total daily alcohol consumption [26]. No association with alcohol drinker status [63]. No association with daily consumption of alcohol (g/day) [65]. No association with drinker status [64]. No association with frequency and amount of alcohol consumed [42]. |
TAS2R38 | rs713598 | The variant was a significant predictor of the number of standard drinks consumed. Subjects carrying the p allele consumed fewer standard drinks per day and fewer standard drinks per day from spirits, and from mixed drinks, compared non-carriers [26]. | No association with beer and wine consumption [26]. |
A significant association was found with alcohol consumption frequency. Carriers of the allele allowing perception of bitterness in PTC consumed alcohol at higher frequencies [30]. | No significant association with the second and third questions of the AUDIT screening tool [37]. | ||
The C allele of this variant was strongly associated with decreased alcohol consumption measured by the first question of the AUDIT screening tool in a cohort of head and neck cancer patients [37]. | No association with alcohol intake per week [35]. | ||
TAS2R38 | rs1726866 | Inverse significant association with alcohol consumption frequency and drinker status [42]. | No significant association with the first three questions of the AUDIT screening tool [37]. |
A significant association with alcohol consumption frequency was found. Carriers of the allele allowing perception of bitterness in PTC consumed alcohol at higher frequencies [30]. | No association with alcohol intake per week [35]. | ||
TAS2R38 | rs10246939 | A significant association with alcohol consumption frequency was found. Carriers of the allele allowing perception of bitterness in PTC consumed alcohol at higher frequencies [41]. | No association with alcohol intake per week [61]. No significant association with the first three questions of the AUDIT screening tool [28]. |
TAS1R2 | rs35874116 | The variant is responsible for both wine consumption status and intake. Participants with the C allele were less likely to be wine drinkers. Moreover, subjects with the CC recessive type exhibited higher levels of wine intake compared to the other genotypes [26]. | No significant association with Soju, beer and spirit consumption [26]. |
TAS1R3 | rs307355 | Drinkers of the heterozygous genotype were more likely to be heavy drinkers (≥30 g/day) than those with the wild genotype. Exhibited a marginal association with total Soju intake [26]. | No significant association with beer, wine and spirit consumption [26]. |
TAS2R10 | rs10845219 | No significant association with the first three questions of the AUDIT screening tool [28]. | |
TAS2R10 | rs4763216 | No significant association with the first three questions of the AUDIT screening tool [28]. | |
TAS2R13 | rs1015443 | Significantly associated with the second and third questions of the AUDIT screening tool. Participants with homozygous major allele (CC carriers) consumed alcoholic beverages less frequently compared to heterozygotes as well as homozygous for the minor allele [28]. | |
TAS2R14 | rs7138535 | No significant association with the first three questions of the AUDIT screening tool [28]. | |
TAS2R16 | rs846664 | Ancestral allele K172 was associated with increased risk of alcohol dependence, regardless of ethnicity [35]. The allele associated with lower alcohol dependence risk was also associated with lower mean of the largest number of drinks that participants had ever had in a 24 h period [42]. | No significant association with frequency of alcohol consumption [41]. |
TAS2R16 | rs846672 | AA carriers consumed alcoholic beverages twice as frequently as the heterozygotes or major allele homozygotes and also drank more than G allele carriers [38]. | No association with frequency and amount of alcohol consumed [42]. No significant association with frequency of alcohol consumption [41]. No significant association with the first three questions of the AUDIT screening tool [28]. |
TAS2R16 | rs1308724 | CC homozygotes consumed alcohol less frequently than heterozygotes, who also consumed less frequently than GG homozygotes [38]. | No significant findings for total intake of alcohol [38]. No significant association with the first three questions of the AUDIT screening tool [28]. |
TAS2R16 | rs978739 | No association with alcohol dependence [35]. | |
TAS2R16 | rs860170 | No association with alcohol dependence [35]. | |
TAS2R16 | rs1204014 | No association with alcohol dependence [35]. | |
TAS2R19 | rs10772420 | No significant association with frequency of alcohol consumption [41]. No significant association with the first three questions of the AUDIT screening tool [28]. No significant association with drinking behavior frequency and heavy drinker status [53]. | |
TAS2R20 | rs12226920 | An association was found with drinker status of spirits (but not with logistic regression models) [26]. | No association with beer consumption [41]. |
TAS2R20 | rs10845281 | No significant association with the first three questions of the AUDIT screening tool [28]. | |
TAS2R3 | rs765007 | No significant association with the first three questions of the AUDIT screening tool [28]. | |
TAS2R39 | rs4726600 | No significant association with the first three questions of the AUDIT screening tool [28]. | |
TAS2R4 | rs2233998 | The subjects with the homo-recessive type of this polymorphism were more likely to be rice wine drinkers compared to other genotypes [26]. | No significant association with Soju, beer and spirit consumption [26]. |
TAS2R4 | rs2234001 | No significant association with the first three questions of the AUDIT screening tool [28]. | |
TAS2R40 | rs10260248 | No significant association with the first three questions of the AUDIT screening tool [28]. | |
TAS2R40 | rs534126 | No significant association with the first three questions of the AUDIT screening tool [28]. | |
TAS2R41 | rs12666496 | No significant association with the first three questions of the AUDIT screening tool [28]. | |
TAS2R41 | rs1404635 | No significant association with the first three questions of the AUDIT screening tool [28]. | |
TAS2R43 | rs71443637 | No significant association with frequency of alcohol consumption [41]. | |
TAS2R46 | rs2708377 | No significant association with frequency of alcohol consumption [41]. | |
TAS2R5 | rs2227264 | An association was found with the level of total alcohol intake. TT genotype individuals consumed more alcohol and were more likely to be rice wine drinkers than those with other genotypes [26]. | No significant association with Soju, beer and spirit consumption [26]. |
TAS2R5 | rs2234012 | No significant association with the first three questions of the AUDIT screening tool [28]. | |
TAS2R50 | rs1376251 | An association was found with drinker status of spirits (but not with logistic regression models). Moreover, participants with the CC genotype tended to drink more rice wine when compared to other genotypes [26]. | No association with daily alcohol intake (mg/day) [42]. No significant association with Soju, beer and wine consumption [26]. No significant association with the first three questions of the AUDIT screening tool [28]. |
TAS2R50 | rs10772397 | No significant association with frequency of alcohol consumption [41]. | |
TAS2R60 | rs4595035 | No association with the frequency of alcohol consumption [41]. | |
TAS2R7 | rs619381 | No significant association with the first three questions of the AUDIT screening tool [28]. | |
TAS2R8 | rs1548803 | No significant association with the first three questions of the AUDIT screening tool [28]. No significant association with frequency of alcohol consumption [41]. | |
TRPA1 | rs11988795 | No significant association with frequency of alcohol consumption [41]. | |
CA6 | rs2274333 | No association with daily consumption of alcohol (g/day) [65]. No significant association with frequency of alcohol consumption [41]. | |
GNAT3 | rs1524600 | No statistically significant association with frequency of alcohol consumption [41]. | |
PRH1 | rs10492098 | No significant association with the first three questions of the AUDIT screening tool [28]. | |
PRH1-TAS2R14 | rs2597979 | No significant association with drinking behavior frequency and heavy drinker status [53]. | |
PRH1-TAS2R14 | rs11612527 | No significant association with the first three questions of the AUDIT screening tool [28]. | |
PRR4 | rs1047699 | No significant association with the first three questions of the AUDIT screening tool [28]. | |
PRR4 | rs1063193 | No significant association with the first three questions of the AUDIT screening tool [28]. |
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Kurshed, A.A.M.; Ádány, R.; Diószegi, J. The Impact of Taste Preference-Related Gene Polymorphisms on Alcohol Consumption Behavior: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 15989. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415989
Kurshed AAM, Ádány R, Diószegi J. The Impact of Taste Preference-Related Gene Polymorphisms on Alcohol Consumption Behavior: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(24):15989. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415989
Chicago/Turabian StyleKurshed, Ali Abbas Mohammad, Róza Ádány, and Judit Diószegi. 2022. "The Impact of Taste Preference-Related Gene Polymorphisms on Alcohol Consumption Behavior: A Systematic Review" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 24: 15989. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415989
APA StyleKurshed, A. A. M., Ádány, R., & Diószegi, J. (2022). The Impact of Taste Preference-Related Gene Polymorphisms on Alcohol Consumption Behavior: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(24), 15989. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415989