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Editorial

Placental Related Disorders of Pregnancy

by
Eun D. Lee
1 and
Hiten D. Mistry
2,*
1
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
2
Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(7), 3519; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073519
Submission received: 14 March 2022 / Accepted: 22 March 2022 / Published: 24 March 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Placental Related Disorders of Pregnancy)
Review Reports Versions Notes
We are pleased to present this Special Issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences, entitled ‘Placental Related Disorders of Pregnancy’. The placenta is a unique organ, produced outside the embryo and connected by a cord of vessels, and is formed as a result of various degrees of interactions between fetal and maternal tissues within the pregnant uterus. The placenta fulfils a variety of functions, which are completed by several different organs in adult life. Unlike the relatively stable mature adult organs, the placenta is programmed to complete very different functions during development. Thus, the placenta can be described as a constantly evolving organ. Its major role is the homeostasis of a protected environment for the undisturbed growth and development of an embryo/fetus.
Placental-related disorders of pregnancy are almost unique to the human species and affect around a third of human pregnancies. Many of these disorders result in increased maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity and can have life-long health implications for both the mother and her child. Recent changes in human lifestyle, such as delayed childbirth and hypercaloric diets, may have increased the global incidence of placental-related disorders over recent decades.
This Special Issue is a compilation of 21 research manuscripts and reviews, covering all aspects of placentation, with a particular focus on those related to placental function and disorders of pregnancy. The manuscripts cover aspects of placental physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology, and clinical and animal models are also included in this excellent Special Issue.
This collection contains some excellent reviews. The first review covers the homeostasis of the cytokine interleukin-15 (IL-15) in healthy pregnancy, providing up-to-date mechanisms of the action of IL-15 at the maternal–fetal interface [1]. A fascinating review by Anthony Carter covers why human placentation is so unique, with in-depth details on placentation in different animals to wonderfully illustrate this [2]. This is followed by a comprehensive review covering the important condition of gestational diabetes and the contribution of the placenta in the associated immunoendocrine dysregulation [3]. Finally, a very topical and informative overview highlighting the role of the placenta and the use of low-dose aspirin in the prevention of pre-eclampsia [4,5]. In addition to the reviews, our collection also contains several novel studies covering pre-eclampsia [6,7,8]; fetal growth restriction [7,9,10,11]; calcium signaling [12]; placental oxidative stress, nutrition, senescence and apoptosis [6,9,13,14,15]; sexual dimorphism [16,17,18], intrahepatic cholestasis [19]; placental vascular modelling [20]; and placental villous explant culture models [21].
This Special Issue presents placental research using a range of established and state-of-the-art techniques showcasing novel and up-to-date data to enhance and facilitate our understanding of placentation as well as mechanisms that result in associated adverse pregnancy outcomes, as well as longer-term risks of complications.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

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  2. Carter, A.M. Unique Aspects of Human Placentation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 8099. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Olmos-Ortiz, A.; Flores-Espinosa, P.; Diaz, L.; Velazquez, P.; Ramirez-Isarraraz, C.; Zaga-Clavellina, V. Immunoendocrine Dysregulation during Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The Central Role of the Placenta. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 8087. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Walsh, S.W.; Strauss, J.F., 3rd. The Road to Low-Dose Aspirin Therapy for the Prevention of Preeclampsia Began with the Placenta. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 6085. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Sun, Y.; Tan, L.; Neuman, R.I.; Broekhuizen, M.; Schoenmakers, S.; Lu, X.; Danser, A.H. Megalin, Proton Pump Inhibitors and the Renin-Angiotensin System in Healthy and Pre-Eclamptic Placentas. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 7407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Scaife, P.J.; Simpson, A.; Kurlak, L.O.; Briggs, L.V.; Gardner, D.S.; Broughton Pipkin, F.; Jones, C.J.; Mistry, H.D. Increased Placental Cell Senescence and Oxidative Stress in Women with Pre-Eclampsia and Normotensive Post-Term Pregnancies. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 7295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Mundal, S.B.; Rakner, J.J.; Silva, G.B.; Gierman, L.M.; Ausdal, M.; Basnet, P.; Elschot, M.; Bakke, S.S.; Ostrop, J.; Thomsen, L.C.V.; et al. Divergent regulation of decidual oxidative-stress response by NRF2 and KEAP1 in preeclampsia with and without fetal growth restriction. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 1966. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Sammar, M.; Siwetz, M.; Meiri, H.; Sharabi-Nov, A.; Altevogt, P.; Huppertz, B. Reduced Placental CD24 in Preterm Preeclampsia Is an Indicator for a Failure of Immune Tolerance. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 8045. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
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  10. Murphy, C.N.; Walker, S.P.; MacDonald, T.M.; Keenan, E.; Hannan, N.J.; Wlodek, M.E.; Myers, J.; Briffa, J.F.; Romano, T.; Roddy Mitchell, A.; et al. Elevated Circulating and Placental SPINT2 Is Associated with Placental Dysfunction. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 7467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Stojanovska, V.; Shah, A.; Woidacki, K.; Fischer, F.; Bauer, M.; Lindquist, J.A.; Mertens, P.R.; Zenclussen, A.C. YB-1 Is Altered in Pregnancy-Associated Disorders and Affects Trophoblast in Vitro Properties via Alternation of Multiple Molecular Traits. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 7226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Fecher-Trost, C.; Wolske, K.; Wesely, C.; Lohr, H.; Klawitter, D.S.; Weissgerber, P.; Gradhand, E.; Burren, C.P.; Mason, A.E.; Winter, M.; et al. Mutations That Affect the Surface Expression of TRPV6 Are Associated with the Upregulation of Serine Proteases in the Placenta of an Infant. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Kohan-Ghadr, H.R.; Armistead, B.; Berg, M.; Drewlo, S. Irisin Protects the Human Placenta from Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis via Activation of the Akt Signaling Pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 11229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Lospinoso, K.; Dozmorov, M.; El Fawal, N.; Raghu, R.; Chae, W.J.; Lee, E.D. Overexpression of ERAP2N in Human Trophoblast Cells Promotes Cell Death. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 8585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Steinhauser, C.B.; Lambo, C.A.; Askelson, K.; Burns, G.W.; Behura, S.K.; Spencer, T.E.; Bazer, F.W.; Satterfield, M.C. Placental Transcriptome Adaptations to Maternal Nutrient Restriction in Sheep. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 7654. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Bucher, M.; Kadam, L.; Ahuna, K.; Myatt, L. Differences in Glycolysis and Mitochondrial Respiration between Cytotrophoblast and Syncytiotrophoblast In-Vitro: Evidence for Sexual Dimorphism. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 10875. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Lien, Y.C.; Zhang, Z.; Cheng, Y.; Polyak, E.; Sillers, L.; Falk, M.J.; Ischiropoulos, H.; Parry, S.; Simmons, R.A. Human Placental Transcriptome Reveals Critical Alterations in Inflammation and Energy Metabolism with Fetal Sex Differences in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 7899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Garcia-Martin, I.; Penketh, R.J.; Garay, S.M.; Jones, R.E.; Grimstead, J.W.; Baird, D.M.; John, R.M. Symptoms of Prenatal Depression Associated with Shorter Telomeres in Female Placenta. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 7458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Ontsouka, E.; Epstein, A.; Kallol, S.; Zaugg, J.; Baumann, M.; Schneider, H.; Albrecht, C. Placental Expression of Bile Acid Transporters in Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 10434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Courtney, J.A.; Wilson, R.L.; Cnota, J.; Jones, H.N. Conditional Mutation of Hand1 in the Mouse Placenta Disrupts Placental Vascular Development Resulting in Fetal Loss in Both Early and Late Pregnancy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 9532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Kupper, N.; Pritz, E.; Siwetz, M.; Guettler, J.; Huppertz, B. Placental Villous Explant Culture 2.0: Flow Culture Allows Studies Closer to the In Vivo Situation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 7464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
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MDPI and ACS Style

Lee, E.D.; Mistry, H.D. Placental Related Disorders of Pregnancy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 3519. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073519

AMA Style

Lee ED, Mistry HD. Placental Related Disorders of Pregnancy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(7):3519. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073519

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lee, Eun D., and Hiten D. Mistry. 2022. "Placental Related Disorders of Pregnancy" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 7: 3519. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073519

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