Current Understanding on the Role of Lipids in Macrophages and Associated Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Functions of Lipids in Macrophages of Different Tissue Location
2.1. Lipids and Microglia
2.2. Lipids in Adipose Tissue Macrophages (ATMs)
2.3. Lipids in Tumor Associated Macrophages (TAMs)
2.4. Lipids in Phagocytic Function of Macrophages
2.5. Oxidized Phosphocholines in the Immune Function of Macrophages
3. Modulators of Lipid Metabolism at a Glance
4. The Network of Lipids and ROS in Macrophages
5. HIF-1α, a Master Regulator of Lipid Metabolism
6. Integration of Autophagy in Lipid Metabolism
6.1. PPARα
6.2. JNK
6.3. AMPK
6.4. TFEB
6.5. TAK1
6.6. NF-κB
7. The Lysosomal Lipid Handling in Macrophages
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SNo | Modulator | Mechanism | Effect |
---|---|---|---|
1 | IFNγ [116] | ACAT1 mRNA expression | Lipid accumulation |
2 | Adipophilin [112] | Promotes TG and cholesterol storage | Increased cholesterol accumulation and reduced efflux |
3 | 3-(5′-Hydroxymethyl-2′-furyl)-1-benzylindazole (YC-1) [113] | sGC/cGMP/PKG signaling pathway | Induces lipid accumulation |
4 | Lomitapide [117] | Inhibition of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) | Lowers LDL cholesterol |
5 | Mipomersen [118] | Selective degradation of the apoB-100 mRNA-antisense oligonucleotide | Reduction in LDL-C and other lipoprotein levels |
6 | AAV8 (Adeno-associated viral serotype 8) TBG.hLDLR [119] | (AAV8)-low-density lipoprotein receptor (AAV8-LDLr) gene therapy | Reduction of plasma cholesterol levels |
7 | Inclisiran [120] | PCSK9 targeting siRNA | Decreased LDL-c levels |
8 | Bempedoic acid [121] | Inhibits ATP-citrate lyase | Lowers LDL-c in hypercholesterolaemia and established atherosclerosis |
9 | Gemcabene [122,123] | Down regulation of CRP (C-reactive protein) | Lipid lowering activity |
10 | Alipogene tiparvovec [124] | Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) targeting lipoprotein lipase (LPL)- gene therapy | Reduce circulating plasma triglyceride levels |
11 | Pradigastat [125] | Specific inhibition of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) blocking chylomicron triglyceride (TG) synthesis | Reduced TG levels in FCS (familial chylomicronemia syndrome) |
12 | Volanesorsen [126] | Antisense oligonucleotides targeting ApoC3 mRNA | Reducing triglyceride levels in patients with hypertriglyceridemia or familial chylomicronemia syndrome |
13 | Colesevelam HCl [127] | Accelerates cholesterol 7-α-hydroxylase mediated conversion of bile acids | Reduces total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels |
14 | Torcetrapib [114] | Inhibits cholesteryl ester-transfer protein (CETP) | Increased HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I levels and decreased apolipoprotein B levels |
15 | Avasimibe [128] | Enhances cholesterol efflux and reduces LDL uptake | Reduces foam cell formation |
16 | Implitapide [129] | Inhibition of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) | Reduction in TG levels and total cholesterol in plasma |
17 | Niacin [130] | Inhibits synthesis of apolipoprotein B-100 required for synthesis of VLDL | Increases HDL cholesterol levels and lowers LDL, VLDL and lipoprotein |
18 | Ezetimibe [131] | Reduces intestinal absorption of cholesterol | Reduces LDL cholesterol levels in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia |
19 | Cholestyramine [132] | Limits the reabsorption of bile acids in GI tract by forming a resin | Reduction in LDL level in primary hypercholesterolemia |
20 | Cholestipol [133] | Formation of complex with bile acids | Elimination of apoB-containing lipoproteins and LDL |
21 | Atorvastatin [134] | HMG-CoA reductase inhibition | Lowers blood total cholesterol and LDL |
22 | Fluvastatin [135] | Competitive inhibition of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase | Decreases total cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride |
23 | Lovastatin [136] | HMG-CoA reductase inhibtion | Decreases triglyceride, VLDL and increases HDL |
24 | Pitavastatin sodium [137] | HMG-CoA reductase inhibtion | Decreases triglyceride, VLDL and increases HDL |
25 | Rosuvastatin [138] | Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase | Lowers LDL-cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol and total cholesterol |
26 | Simvastatin [139] | Competitive and reversible inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase enzyme | Reduced plasma LDL cholesterol levels |
27 | Pravastatin sodium [140] | HMG-CoA reductase inhibition | Reduces plasma LDL |
28 | Gernfibrosil [141] | Reduces TG production in liver | Reduction in plasma TG levels |
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Florance, I.; Ramasubbu, S. Current Understanding on the Role of Lipids in Macrophages and Associated Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 589. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010589
Florance I, Ramasubbu S. Current Understanding on the Role of Lipids in Macrophages and Associated Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(1):589. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010589
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlorance, Ida, and Seenivasan Ramasubbu. 2023. "Current Understanding on the Role of Lipids in Macrophages and Associated Diseases" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1: 589. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010589