Extracellular-Vesicle-Based Therapeutics in Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Current Treatments for Corneal Neurodegenerative Diseases
3. EV Characterization and Extraction Methods
4. Therapeutic Applications of EVs
4.1. Use of EVs for Ocular Neurodegenerative Diseases
4.1.1. Neurotrophic Keratitis
4.1.2. Dry Eye Syndrome (DES)
4.2. Retinal Diseases Causing Nerve Malfunctions
4.2.1. Diabetic Retinopathy (DR)
4.2.2. Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP)
4.2.3. Optic Neuritis and Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO)
4.2.4. Optic Neuropathy
4.2.5. Glaucoma
5. Engineered EVs for Advanced Therapies
6. Future Directions of EV-Based Therapeutics in Ocular Disorders
7. Discussion
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Isolation Method | Principal Mechanism | Equipment | Advantages | Disadvantages | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Differential centrifugation | Centrifugal force with ultrahigh-speed rotation | Centrifuge, ultracentrifuge, high-speed rotors, and rotary tubes | Straight forward, no additional chemical substance or reaction, high capacity, low processing cost, and high reproducibility | Expensive machinery and specialized equipment. Medium to high processing time (120–600 min) | [43,44] |
Density gradient ultracentrifugation | Buoyant density in chemical solutions | Centrifuge, ultracentrifuge, high-speed rotors, and rotary tubes | Accurate particle separation, high capacity, minimum contamination chance | Expensive machinery and specialized equipment. High processing time (250 min–2 d) | [39,40,41] |
Size exclusion chromatography | Separation of biomolecules based on their hydrodynamic radios | Porous beads | Prevention of EV aggregation and preserving their integrity. Low to medium processing time (1 mL/min) | Prospective contaminants of the target size and size overlap confusion. Low capacity | [45] |
Commercial kit precipitation | Decreasing the solubility of EVs by polymer coating | Superhydrophobic polymers (e.g., PEG) and centrifugation | Simplicity, no need for further chemicals, and fast process (30–60 min) | Unspecified isolation, high polymer contamination, expensive, and low capacity | [46] |
Immunoprecipitation | Antibody–tetraspanin bounding | Antibody-coated microbeads | Highly specified isolation, medium processing speed (240 min), high purity | Altered surface properties of EVs, difficult separation from beads, loss of EVs, expensive, and low capacity | [47] |
Ultrafiltration | Filtration of assorted sizes | Porous membranes, and centrifugation | Highly specified sizes, simplicity, and fast processing (130 min) | Membrane plugging, unwanted contaminants, risk of low yield | [48] |
Microfluidic | Entrapment of EVs by immunoaffinity or within porous structures | Microfluidic device | Highly specified isolation, simplicity, and fast processing for small sample size | Expensive machinery, small capacity, low yield | [49] |
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Massoumi, H.; Amin, S.; Soleimani, M.; Momenaei, B.; Ashraf, M.J.; Guaiquil, V.H.; Hematti, P.; Rosenblatt, M.I.; Djalilian, A.R.; Jalilian, E. Extracellular-Vesicle-Based Therapeutics in Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 9006. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24109006
Massoumi H, Amin S, Soleimani M, Momenaei B, Ashraf MJ, Guaiquil VH, Hematti P, Rosenblatt MI, Djalilian AR, Jalilian E. Extracellular-Vesicle-Based Therapeutics in Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(10):9006. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24109006
Chicago/Turabian StyleMassoumi, Hamed, Sohil Amin, Mohammad Soleimani, Bita Momenaei, Mohammad Javad Ashraf, Victor H. Guaiquil, Peiman Hematti, Mark I. Rosenblatt, Ali R. Djalilian, and Elmira Jalilian. 2023. "Extracellular-Vesicle-Based Therapeutics in Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 10: 9006. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24109006