Antipsychotic Medication Influences the Discriminative Value of Acylethanolamides as Biomarkers of Substance Use Disorder
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics and Plasma Concentration of NAEs of Control and SUD Populations
2.2. Characteristics of the SUD Group Based on Antipsychotic Treatment: Impact on Plasma Concentrations of NAEs
2.3. Plasma Concentrations of NAEs Based on Type of SUD and Antipsychotic Treatment
2.4. Plasma Concentration of NAEs as Predictors of Antipsychotic Treatment
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Participants and Recruitment
4.2. Ethics Statements
4.3. Clinical Assessments
4.4. Collection of Plasma Samples
4.5. Quantification of Endocannabinoids in Plasma
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Control (n = 175) | SUD (n = 333) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex [n (%)] | Women | 80 (44.4) | 67 (20.1) | 0.000 1 |
Men | 95 (52.8) | 266 (79.6) | ||
Age | mean ± SD | 40.65 ± 12.40 | 43.50 ± 11.16 | 0.005 2 |
median (IQR) | 40.0 (31.5–47.0) | 43.0 (34.4–51.0) | ||
BMI | mean ± SD | 24.80 ± 3.67 | 26.35 ± 4.85 | 0.001 2 |
median (IQR) | 24.8 (22.31–27.0) | 25.56 (22.99–29.05) | ||
Marital status [n (%)] | Single | 82 (45.6) | 116 (34.8) | 0.000 1 |
Married/cohabiting | 59 (32.8) | 131 (39.3) | ||
Divorced/separated | 13 (7.2) | 80 (24.0) | ||
Widowed | 2 (1.1) | 6 (1.8) | ||
Education [n (%)] | ≤ Primary | 7 (3.9) | 116 (34.8) | 0.000 1 |
Secondary | 55 (30.6) | 170 (51.1) | ||
University | 102 (56.6) | 47 (14.1) | ||
Work status [n (%)] | Employed | 136 (75.5) | 101 (30.3) | 0.000 1 |
Unemployed | 23 (12.8) | 186 (55.8) | ||
Sick leave | 2 (1.1) | 37 (11.1) | ||
Housework | 2 (1.1) | 9 (2.7) | ||
Psychiatric co-morbidity [n (%)] | Mood Disorders | - | 143 (42.9) | - |
Anxiety Disorders | - | 95 (28.5) | - | |
Psychotic Disorders | - | 36 (10.8) | - | |
Personality Disorders | - | 85 (25.5) | - | |
ADHD | - | 33 (9.9) | - | |
>2 psychiatric disorders | - | 232 (69.7) | - | |
SUDs [n (%)] | Alcohol | - | 281 (84.4) | - |
Cocaine | - | 201 (60.4) | - | |
Cannabis | - | 78 (23.4) | - | |
>2 substances | - | 178 (53.5) | - | |
Psychotropic medication [n (%)] | Antidepressants | - | 132 (39.6) | - |
Anxiolytics | - | 155 (46.5) | - | |
Antipsychotics | - | 40 (12) | - | |
Disulfiram | - | 133 (39.9) | - | |
SUD duration years [median (IQR)] | AUD | - | 10 (4–17) | - |
CUD | - | 5 (2–12) | - | |
Days of abstinence [median (IQR)] | AUD | - | 69 (2–210) | - |
CUD | - | 25 (0.75–120) | - |
NAEs | Control (n = 180) | SUD (n = 333) | U-Statistic | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
AEA median (IQR) | 0.33 (0.21–048) | 0.44 (0.30–0.64) | 20,219.50 | 0.000 |
DEA median (IQR) | 0.08 (0.05–0.14) | 0.13 (0.09–0.18) | 8207.50 | 0.000 |
DGLEA median (IQR) | 0.07 (0.04–0.09) | 0.08 (0.06–0.12) | 20,123.00 | 0.000 |
DHEA median (IQR) | 0.42 (0.27–0.61) | 0.52 (0.37–0.72) | 20,054.50 | 0.000 |
LEA median (IQR) | 0.70 (0.51–0.93) | 1.08 (0.86–1.38) | 11,351.00 | 0.000 |
OEA median (IQR) | 1.88 (1.33–3.15) | 3.37 (2.52–4.51) | 11,951.50 | 0.000 |
PEA median (IQR) | 1.59 (1.27–2.45) | 3.37 (2.25–5.72) | 9070.00 | 0.000 |
POEA median (IQR) | 0.29 (0.16–0.39) | 0.31 (0.19–0.43) | 4752.00 | 0.276 |
SEA median (IQR) | 4.30 (0.90–5.90) | 2.06 (1.30–4.20) | 18,817.50 | 0.775 |
Variable | SUD (n = 293) | SUD + Antipsychotics (n = 40) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex [n (%)] | Men | 234 (79.9) | 32 (80.0) | 0.984 (1) |
Women | 59 (20.1) | 8 (20.0) | ||
Age (mean ± SD) | 44.11 ± 11.3 | 39.05 ± 9.05 | 0.002 (2) | |
BMI (mean ± SD) | 26.25 ± 4.83 | 27.13 ± 5.04 | 0.303 (2) | |
Psychiatric co-morbidity [n (%)] | Mood Disorders | 121 (41.3) | 22 (55.0) | 0.101 (1) |
Anxiety Disorders | 78 (26.6) | 17 (42.5) | 0.037 (1) | |
Psychotic Disorders | 28 (9.6) | 8 (20.0) | 0.046 (1) | |
Personality Disorders | 70 (23.9) | 15 (37.5) | 0.064 (1) | |
ADHD | 27 (9.2) | 6 (15.0) | 0.257 (1) | |
>2 psychiatric disorders | 197 (67.2) | 35 (87.5) | 0.009 (1) | |
SUDs [n (%)] | Alcohol | 250 (85.3) | 31 (77.5) | 0.201 (1) |
Cocaine | 170 (58.0) | 31 (77.5) | 0.018 (1) | |
Cannabis | 59 (20.1) | 19 (47.5) | 0.000 (1) | |
>2 substances | 149 (50.9) | 29 (72.5) | 0.010 (1) | |
Psychotropic medication [n (%)] | Antidepressants | 110 (34.5) | 22 (55.0) | 0.034 (1) |
Anxiolytics | 128 (43.7) | 27 (67.5) | 0.018 (1) | |
Antipsychotics | - | 40 (100.0) | - | |
Disulfiram | 120 (41.0) | 13 (32.5) | 0.207 (1) | |
SUD duration years [median (IQR)] | AUD | 10 (4–17.5) | 10 (1.5–16) | 0.519 (3) |
CUD | 5 (1.5–11) | 7 (3–12.25) | 0.273 (3) | |
Days of abstinence [median (IQR)] | AUD | 90 (2–210) | 52.5 (0–217.5) | 0.395 (3) |
CUD | 23 (0–106) | 30 (11–150) | 0.310 (3) |
NAEs | SUD (n = 293) | SUD + Antipsychotic (n = 40) | U-Statistic | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
AEA median (IQR) | 0.43 (0.30-.061) | 0.58 (0.42–0.80) | 4119.0 | 0.002 |
DEA median (IQR) | 0.12 (0.09–0.17) | 0.16 (0.13–0.22) | 2122.0 | 0.011 |
DGLEA median (IQR) | 0.08 (0.06–0.12) | 0.07 (0.11–0.14) | 4291.5 | 0.006 |
DHEA median (IQR) | 0.52 (0.36–0.70) | 0.55 (0.42–0.78) | 4816.5 | 0.068 |
LEA median (IQR) | 1.07 (0.85–1.37) | 1.31 (0.99–1.61) | 4291.0 | 0.006 |
OEA median (IQR) | 3.32 (2.47–4.47) | 3.85 (2.91–5.49) | 3811.0 | 0.021 |
PEA median (IQR) | 3.37 (2.26–5.65) | 3.38 (2.21–6.35) | 3031.5 | 0.633 |
POEA median (IQR) | 0.30 (0.19–0.42) | 0.39 (0.22–0.53) | 1860.5 | 0.105 |
SEA median (IQR) | 1.90 (1.24–4.18) | 3.01 (1.6–4.36) | 2624.0 | 0.102 |
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Herrera-Imbroda, J.; Flores-López, M.; Requena-Ocaña, N.; Araos, P.; Ropero, J.; García-Marchena, N.; Bordallo, A.; Suarez, J.; Pavón-Morón, F.J.; Serrano, A.; et al. Antipsychotic Medication Influences the Discriminative Value of Acylethanolamides as Biomarkers of Substance Use Disorder. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 9371. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119371
Herrera-Imbroda J, Flores-López M, Requena-Ocaña N, Araos P, Ropero J, García-Marchena N, Bordallo A, Suarez J, Pavón-Morón FJ, Serrano A, et al. Antipsychotic Medication Influences the Discriminative Value of Acylethanolamides as Biomarkers of Substance Use Disorder. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(11):9371. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119371
Chicago/Turabian StyleHerrera-Imbroda, Jesús, María Flores-López, Nerea Requena-Ocaña, Pedro Araos, Jessica Ropero, Nuria García-Marchena, Antonio Bordallo, Juan Suarez, Francisco Javier Pavón-Morón, Antonia Serrano, and et al. 2023. "Antipsychotic Medication Influences the Discriminative Value of Acylethanolamides as Biomarkers of Substance Use Disorder" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 11: 9371. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119371