Differential Pattern of Cell Death and ROS Production in Human Airway Epithelial Cells Exposed to Quinones Combined with Heated-PM2.5 and/or Asian Sand Dust

Honda, Akiko; Inoue, Ken-ichiro; Higashihara, Makoto; Ichinose, Takamichi; Ueda, Kayo; Takano, Hirohisa

doi:10.3390/ijms241310544

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Differential Pattern of Cell Death and ROS Production in Human Airway Epithelial Cells Exposed to Quinones Combined with Heated-PM2.5 and/or Asian Sand Dust

by

Akiko Honda

¹,

Ken-ichiro Inoue

^2,*

,

Makoto Higashihara

¹,

Takamichi Ichinose

^3,4

,

Kayo Ueda

⁵ and

Hirohisa Takano

^3,6

¹

Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan

²

School of Nursing, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan

³

Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan

⁴

Department of Health Science, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Oita 870-1201, Japan

⁵

Department of Hygiene, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan

⁶

Institute for International Academic Research, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto 615-8577, Japan

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(13), 10544; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310544

Submission received: 22 May 2023 / Revised: 15 June 2023 / Accepted: 19 June 2023 / Published: 23 June 2023

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research in Environmental Toxicology)

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Abstract

The combined toxicological effects of airborne particulate matter (PM), such as PM2.5, and Asian sand dust (ASD), with surrounding chemicals, particularly quinones, on human airway epithelial cells remain underexplored. In this study, we established an in vitro combination exposure model using 1,2-naphthoquinones (NQ) and 9,10-phenanthroquinones (PQ) along with heated PM (h-PM2.5 and h-ASD) to investigate their potential synergistic effects. The impacts of quinones and heated PM on tetrazolium dye (WST-1) reduction, cell death, and cytokine and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were examined. Results revealed that exposure to 9,10-PQ with h-PM2.5 and/or h-ASD dose-dependently increased WST-1 reduction at 1 μM compared to the corresponding control while markedly decreasing it at 10 μM. Higher early apoptotic, late apoptotic, or necrotic cell numbers were detected in 9,10-PQ + h-PM2.5 exposure than in 9,10-PQ + h-ASD or 9,10-PQ + h-PM2.5 + h-ASD. Additionally, 1,2-NQ + h-PM2.5 exposure also resulted in an increase in cell death compared to 1,2-NQ + h-ASD and 1,2-NQ + h-PM2.5 + h-ASD. Quinones with or without h-PM2.5, h-ASD, or h-PM2.5 + h-ASD significantly increased ROS production, especially with h-PM2.5. Our findings suggest that quinones, at relatively low concentrations, induce cell death synergistically in the presence of h-PM2.5 rather than h-ASD and h-PM2.5 + h-ASD, partially through the induction of apoptosis with increased ROS generation.

Keywords: quinones; h-PM2.5; h-ASD; inflammation; apoptosis; reactive oxidative stress

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MDPI and ACS Style

Honda, A.; Inoue, K.-i.; Higashihara, M.; Ichinose, T.; Ueda, K.; Takano, H. Differential Pattern of Cell Death and ROS Production in Human Airway Epithelial Cells Exposed to Quinones Combined with Heated-PM2.5 and/or Asian Sand Dust. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 10544. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310544

AMA Style

Honda A, Inoue K-i, Higashihara M, Ichinose T, Ueda K, Takano H. Differential Pattern of Cell Death and ROS Production in Human Airway Epithelial Cells Exposed to Quinones Combined with Heated-PM2.5 and/or Asian Sand Dust. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(13):10544. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310544

Chicago/Turabian Style

Honda, Akiko, Ken-ichiro Inoue, Makoto Higashihara, Takamichi Ichinose, Kayo Ueda, and Hirohisa Takano. 2023. "Differential Pattern of Cell Death and ROS Production in Human Airway Epithelial Cells Exposed to Quinones Combined with Heated-PM2.5 and/or Asian Sand Dust" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 13: 10544. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310544

APA Style

Honda, A., Inoue, K.-i., Higashihara, M., Ichinose, T., Ueda, K., & Takano, H. (2023). Differential Pattern of Cell Death and ROS Production in Human Airway Epithelial Cells Exposed to Quinones Combined with Heated-PM2.5 and/or Asian Sand Dust. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(13), 10544. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310544

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Differential Pattern of Cell Death and ROS Production in Human Airway Epithelial Cells Exposed to Quinones Combined with Heated-PM2.5 and/or Asian Sand Dust

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