Antimicrobial Effect of Ocimum gratissimum L. Essential Oil on Shewanella putrefaciens: Insights Based on the Cell Membrane and External Structure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Major Compounds Detected in OGEO
2.2. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Value of OGEO
2.3. Inhibition of Biofilm Formation Ability
2.4. Inhibition of Extracellular Polymeric Substances
2.5. Inhibition of Motility
2.6. Hemolytic Activity Analysis
2.7. ATPase Activity Analysis
2.8. SEM and CLSM
2.9. FTIR Analysis
2.10. XTT
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. GC-MS Analysis
3.2. Bacterial Culture
3.3. MIC and MBC Measurements
3.4. Quantification of Biofilms Using Crystal Violet Staining
3.5. Extracellular Polysaccharide (EPS) Measurements
3.6. Extracellular Protease (EP) Production Measurements
3.7. Swimming and Swarming Motility Analysis
3.8. Hemolytic Activity Test
3.9. Determination of Extracellular ATPase Concentration
3.10. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis
3.11. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) Analysis
3.12. XTT Content Measurements
3.13. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
3.14. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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NO. | Main Compounds | Retention Time (min) | Retention Index | Peak Area (%) | CAS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Heptane, 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethyl- | 7.478 | 1197 | 0.23 | 13475-82-6 |
2 | Cyclotetrasiloxane, octamethyl- | 7.825 | 1227 | 0.17 | 556-67-2 |
3 | Heptane, 4-ethyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl- | 7.887 | 1233 | 0.03 | 62108-31-0 |
4 | 2,2,4,4, -Tetramethyloctane | 8.112 | 1252 | 0.07 | 62183-79-3 |
5 | β-pinene | 8.25 | 1263 | 0.45 | 17301-28-9 |
6 | Linalool | 9.358 | 1360 | 1.09 | 78-70-6 |
7 | Cyclopentasiloxane, decamethyl- | 10.08 | 1426 | 0.74 | 541-02-6 |
8 | Estragole | 10.962 | 1509 | 4.87 | 140-67-0 |
10 | α-Cubebene | 13.000 | 1718 | 0.06 | 17699-14-8 |
11 | Eugenol | 13.161 | 1735 | 51.88 | 97-53-0 |
12 | 3-Allyl-6-methoxyphenol | 13.381 | 1758 | 3.15 | 501-19-9 |
13 | Caryophyllene | 13.976 | 1817 | 9.57 | 87-44-5 |
14 | trans-α-Bergamotene | 14.109 | 1829 | 0.56 | 13474-59-4 |
15 | Humulen | 14.34 | 1851 | 0.93 | 24405-93-4 |
16 | 1,4,7,-Cycloundecatriene, 1,5,9,9-tetramethyl-, (1Z,4Z,7Z)- | 14.406 | 1857 | 2.34 | 400822-79-9 |
17 | (+)-δ-Cadinene | 14.662 | 1881 | 0.74 | 483-76-1 |
18 | Cycloheptasiloxane, tetradecamethyl- | 14.792 | 1893 | 1.32 | 107-50-6 |
19 | δ-cadinene | 15.238 | 1931 | 0.25 | 483-76-1 |
20 | 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenyl acetate | 15.445 | 1950 | 0.13 | 93-28-7 |
21 | Caryophyllene oxide | 16.027 | 1999 | 1.05 | 1139-30-6 |
22 | Humulene | 16.203 | 2014 | 3.23 | 6753-98-6 |
23 | Cyclooctasiloxane, hexadecamethyl- | 16.785 | 2061 | 0.08 | 556-68-3 |
24 | Androstan-17-one, 3-ethyl-3-hydroxy-, (5 α)- | 16.887 | 2070 | 2.37 | 57344-99-7 |
25 | Patchouli alcohol | 16.947 | 2074 | 3.35 | 5986-55-0 |
26 | Undecane, 3,6-dimethyl- | 17.3118 | 2298 | 0.09 | 18172-67-3 |
27 | β-myrcene | 19.5734 | 2473 | 0.02 | 123-35-3 |
28 | Bikaverin | 25.054 | 2665 | 0.76 | 33390-21-5 |
29 | 3-Hexen-1-ol, (Z)- | 27.6961 | 2795 | 0.49 | 928-96-1 |
30 | Acetic acid | 29.3855 | 2933 | 2.89 | 64-19-7 |
31 | 5-Methyl-2-furfural | 32.8607 | 3197 | 0.01 | 620-02-0 |
32 | Phthalic acid, mono(o-methylbenzyl) ester | 34.5087 | 3376 | 0.50 | 4619-49-2 |
33 | α-Amorphene | 36.0394 | 3487 | 0.01 | 23515-88-0 |
34 | γ-Cadinenema | 38.3287 | 3658 | 0.73 | 39029-41-9 |
35 | Safrole | 39.6732 | 3720 | 0.46 | 94-59-7 |
36 | Phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)- | 43.4243 | 4089 | 0.58 | 97-53-0 |
37 | Patchouli alcohol | 44.3276 | 4173 | 0.74 | 5986-55-0 |
38 | 1-Cyclopentenecarboxylic acid, 2-methyl-3-vinyl-, 4′-fluorophenyl ester | 45.1205 | 4298 | 0.11 | 1000158-81-1 |
39 | Chavicol | 45.6515 | 4367 | 0.01 | 501-92-8 |
40 | Isoaromadendrene epoxide | 46.5961 | 4449 | 0.06 | 1000159-36-6 |
41 | 6-Methoxy-3-methylbenzofuran | 48.0786 | 4667 | 0.03 | 29040-52-6 |
42 | Triacontane | 48.1958 | 4713 | 3.85 | 638-68-6 |
Index | CK | 1/4× MIC | 1/2× MIC | 1× MIC |
---|---|---|---|---|
EPS | - | −0.9256 | −0.9909 | −0.9966 |
EP | - | −0.9997 | −0.9998 | −0.9997 |
Samples | Swimming (mm) | Swarming (mm) |
---|---|---|
CK | 80.58 ± 0.47 | 58.42 ± 0.64 |
1/4 MIC | 52.14 ± 0.34 | 35.25 ± 0.20 |
1/2 MIC | 16.37 ± 0.25 | 22.98 ± 0.92 |
1 MIC | 9.34 0.11 | 14.73 ± 0.57 |
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Xie, Y.; Zhang, C.; Mei, J.; Xie, J. Antimicrobial Effect of Ocimum gratissimum L. Essential Oil on Shewanella putrefaciens: Insights Based on the Cell Membrane and External Structure. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 11066. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241311066
Xie Y, Zhang C, Mei J, Xie J. Antimicrobial Effect of Ocimum gratissimum L. Essential Oil on Shewanella putrefaciens: Insights Based on the Cell Membrane and External Structure. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(13):11066. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241311066
Chicago/Turabian StyleXie, Yao, Chi Zhang, Jun Mei, and Jing Xie. 2023. "Antimicrobial Effect of Ocimum gratissimum L. Essential Oil on Shewanella putrefaciens: Insights Based on the Cell Membrane and External Structure" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 13: 11066. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241311066