The Role of Bacteria–Mitochondria Communication in the Activation of Neuronal Innate Immunity: Implications to Parkinson’s Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Bacteria-Mediated Neuronal Innate Immunity Activation: The Role of α-Syn
2.2. Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Positive Feedback Loop to Potentiate Innate Immunity Activation
3. Discussions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Primary Mesencephalic Cultures Preparation and Treatments
4.2. Bacterial Strain, Culture Conditions and Treatment
4.3. Cellular Extracts Preparation
4.4. Western Blotting
4.5. Immunocytochemistry and Confocal Microscopy Analysis
4.6. Evaluation of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (Δψm)
4.7. Determination of Mitochondrial-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species
4.8. Caspase-1 Activity Assay
4.9. Inflammatory Markers and α-Syn Oligomers Determination by ELISA
4.10. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Magalhães, J.D.; Esteves, A.R.; Candeias, E.; Silva, D.F.; Empadinhas, N.; Cardoso, S.M. The Role of Bacteria–Mitochondria Communication in the Activation of Neuronal Innate Immunity: Implications to Parkinson’s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 4339. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054339
Magalhães JD, Esteves AR, Candeias E, Silva DF, Empadinhas N, Cardoso SM. The Role of Bacteria–Mitochondria Communication in the Activation of Neuronal Innate Immunity: Implications to Parkinson’s Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(5):4339. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054339
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagalhães, João D., Ana Raquel Esteves, Emanuel Candeias, Diana F. Silva, Nuno Empadinhas, and Sandra Morais Cardoso. 2023. "The Role of Bacteria–Mitochondria Communication in the Activation of Neuronal Innate Immunity: Implications to Parkinson’s Disease" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 5: 4339. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054339