The Longitudinal Changes in Subcutaneous Abdominal Tissue and Visceral Adipose Tissue Volumetries Are Associated with Iron Status
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Cross-Sectional Findings
2.2. Longitudinal Findings
2.2.1. Baseline Parameters of Iron Metabolism and Chronic Inflammation Are Associated with Changes in Adipose Tissue Volumetries
2.2.2. Changes in the Chronic-Inflammation Marker, Ultrasensitive CRP, Are Associated with Changes in Adipose Tissue Volumetries
2.2.3. Baseline Parameters of Iron Metabolism, Chronic Inflammation and Adipose Tissue Volumetries Are Associated with Changes in Insulin Sensitivity
2.2.4. Adrenal- and Gonadal-Steroid Hormones Are Not Associated with Changes in Adipose Tissue Volumetries or Baseline Parameters of Iron Metabolism
2.2.5. Multiple-Linear-Regression Models
2.2.6. Serum Ferritin and Hepatic Iron
3. Discussion
3.1. Iron or Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation: The Role of Iron
3.2. The Role of Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation
3.3. The Role of Insulin Sensitivity
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Design
4.2. Clinical and Laboratory Features
4.3. Image Acquisition
4.4. Image Processing
4.5. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Subjects without Obesity | Subjects with Obesity | p * | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Follow-Up | p | Baseline | Follow-Up | p | ||
N | 74 | 49 | 57 | 30 | |||
Clinical | |||||||
Age (years) | 50.4 (40.4, 58. 8) | 54.7 (42.7, 60.2) | <0.001 | 48.3 (41.8, 54.9) | 47.88 ± 10.4 | <0.001 | 0.428 |
Sex (men/women) | 25/49 | 16/33 | 16/41 | 8/22 | 0.865 | ||
Height (cm) | 166.3 ± 9.0 | 165.7 ± 8.4 | 0.204 | 162.9 ± 8.4 | 162.4 ± 7.5 | 1 | 0.029 |
Weight (kg) | 66.2 (60.7, 77.4) | 67 (60, 78.2) | 0.395 | 112.1 ± 20.8 | 105. 8 ± 19.5 | 0.711 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.9 ± 2.7 | 24.9 ± 2.9 | 0.261 | 42. 7 ± 6.4 | 40.5 ± 7.7 | 0.703 | <0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 124.6 ± 16.04 | 125 (115, 132) | 1 | 138.25 ± 20.13 | 131.82 ± 9.98 | 0.414 | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 71.99 ± 10.73 | 71.71 ± 8.56 | 0.908 | 76.76 ± 11.3 | 73.5 ± 10.5 | 0.062 | 0.016 |
Laboratory | |||||||
Hb (g/dL) | 13.9 ± 1.3 | 13.8 ± 1.37 | 0.594 | 13.7 ± 1.4 | 13.8 (13, 14.6) | 0.362 | 0.661 |
Hct (%) | 42.1 ± 3.4 | 41.2 ± 3.4 | 0.074 | 42.47 ± 3.67 | 42.37 ± 2.86 | 0.104 | 0.564 |
Total WBC (K/μL) a | 5.49 (4.87, 6.71) | 4.80 (4.08, 6.04) | 0.043 | 6.36 ± 1.96 | 6.04 (4.92, 6.71) | 0.918 | 0.402 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.4 (5.23, 5.5) | 5.47 ± 0.3 | 0.249 | 5.6 ± 0.31 | 5.61 ± 0.27 | 0.301 | 0.001 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 35.6 (33.7, 36.7) | 36.3 ± 3.3 | 0.249 | 37.8 ± 3.4 | 37.9 ± 2.9 | 0.351 | 0.001 |
Iron (μg/dL) | 85 (67, 113) | 84 (71, 106) | 0.243 | 77.2 ± 24.6 | 87 (60.2, 104.2) | 0.094 | 0.008 |
hsCRP (mg/dL) | 0.6 (0.4, 1.6) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.7) | 0.366 | 4.2 (2.6, 7.7) | 3.1 (1.9, 6.6) | 0.198 | <0.001 |
Tf (mg/dL) | 246 (224.2, 283. 2) | 259.1 ± 36.3 | 0.522 | 275.9 ± 36.3 | 278.5 ± 37.8 | 0.449 | 0.001 |
TIBC (μg/dL) | 310.5 (284.8, 352.6) | 326.4 ± 41.9 | 0.621 | 350.4 ± 46.1 | 353.6 ± 48.1 | 0.462 | 0.001 |
Uric Acid (mg/dL) | 4.49 ± 1.35 | 4.52 ± 1.32 | 0.332 | 5.55 ± 1.2 | 5.09 ± 0.94 | 0.509 | <0.001 |
Ferritin (ng/mL) | 83 (42, 181.5) | 93 (33, 178) | 0.274 | 79 (39, 138) | 73 (40.2, 126.2) | 0.130 | 0.601 |
Hepcidin (ng/mL) | 19.1 (10.5, 26.5) | 18.0 (9.5, 27.2) | 0.623 | ||||
Hep:Fer ratio | 0.2 (0.12, 0.24) | 0.2 (0.14, 0.28) | 0.845 | ||||
Glucose (mg/dL) | 93 (89, 99) | 95 (90, 97.2) | 0.894 | 98.6 ± 12.3 | 102.2 ± 8.9 | 0.003 | 0.061 |
Insulin (μU/mL) | 9.4 ± 5.3 | 9.5 (8.1, 14.2) | 0.001 | 24.7 ± 11.5 | 20.3 ± 9.4 | 0.153 | <0.001 |
M (mg/kg/min) | 10.2 ± 3.5 | 9.6 ± 3.12 | 0.957 | 3.7 (2.3, 6.02) | 4.09 ± 2.1 | 0.300 | <0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 2.1 (1.3, 3.0) | 2.3 (1.8, 3.6) | <0.001 | 5.5 (3.6, 7.3) | 4.4 (3.4, 6.7) | 0.319 | <0.001 |
TC (mg/dL) | 202.68 ± 40.81 | 203.08 ± 34.64 | 0.543 | 200.25 ± 42.37 | 196.6 ± 40.94 | 0.063 | 0.741 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 122.24 ± 34.74 | 121.37 ± 30.86 | 0.751 | 124 (104, 149) | 116.7 ± 32.64 | 0.006 | 0.364 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 61 (51.75, 76.5) | 60 (49, 78) | 0.315 | 51.09 ± 12.91 | 56.17 ± 13.3 | 0.501 | <0.001 |
TG (mg/dL) | 77.5 (58.5, 97.75) | 77 (61, 108) | 0.680 | 121 (81, 153) | 118.63 ± 57.1 | 0.299 | 0.001 |
Cortisol (ng/mL) | 99.0 (51.0, 161.1) | 72.6 (33.6, 155.3) | 0.7 | ||||
Estradiol (ng/mL) | 0.058 (0.001, 0.112) | 0.062 (0.001, 0.115) | 0.6 | ||||
DHEA (ng/mL) | 3.09 (1.95, 5.08) | 1.61 (0.94, 2.74) | <0.001 | ||||
Testosterone (ng/mL) | 0.14 (0.06, 1.99) | 0.11 (0.06, 0.98) | 0.04 | ||||
Progesterone (ng/mL) | 0.016 (0.010, 0.031) | 0.013 (0.005, 0.023) | 0.3 | ||||
Corticosterone (ng/mL) | 0.55 (0.21, 1.86) | 0.29 (0.09, 1.17) | 0.01 | ||||
Aldosterone (ng/mL) | 0.037 (0.024, 0.054) | 0.026 (0.015, 0.038) | 0.03 | ||||
Imaging | |||||||
SAT volume (L) | 5.82 (4.68, 7.6) | 6.35 ± 2 | 0.030 | 17.61 ± 4.02 | 16.64 ± 4.55 | 0.869 | <0.001 |
VAT volume (L) | 1.81 (1.13, 3) | 2.12 (1.16, 3.06) | <0.001 | 5.23 (4.15, 6.36) | 5.58 ± 2.18 | 0.241 | <0.001 |
pSAT (%) | 76.9 (68.2, 83.7) | 73.4 ± 12.1 | 0.001 | 76.5 (72.8, 81.6) | 74.3 ± 9.6 | 0.053 | 0.636 |
Height of VOI (m) | 0.35 (0.34, 0.37) | 0.357 ± 0.019 | 0.176 | 0.36 (0.34, 0.37) | 0.35 (0.34, 0.37) | 0.428 | 0.456 |
iSAT (L/m2) | 49.3 ± 17.3 | 50.1 ± 16.5 | 0.122 | 138.0 ± 29.2 | 130.7 ± 34.5 | 0.334 | <0.001 |
iVAT (L/m2) | 14.0 (8.8, 23.8) | 17.6 (9.1, 23.6) | <0.001 | 39.8 (32.1, 56.4) | 38.1 (30.9, 56.6) | 0.156 | <0.001 |
Leptin (ng/mL) | 1.9 (0.4, 6.1) | 23.2 (14.8, 31.7) | <0.001 | ||||
HIC (μg/g) | 10.8 (9.7, 13.1) | 12.9 ± 2.31 | 0.032 |
Changes iSAT | Changes iVAT | Changes pSAT | Hepcidin (ng/mL) | Transferrin (mg/dL) | Ferritin (ng/mL) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cortisol (ng/mL) | r | −0.08 | −0.15 | 0.12 | 0.01 | −0.07 | 0.002 |
p-value | 0.43 | 0.18 | 0.30 | 0.91 | 0.42 | 0.98 | |
Estradiol (ng/mL) | r | −0.16 | −0.02 | −0.06 | −0.11 | 0.16 | −0.20 |
p-value | 0.15 | 0.83 | 0.56 | 0.22 | 0.06 | 0.02 | |
DHEA (ng/mL) | r | −0.14 | −0.02 | −0.13 | −0.12 | −0.07 | −0.06 |
p-value | 0.19 | 0.85 | 0.25 | 0.17 | 0.39 | 0.45 | |
Testosterone (ng/mL) | r | −0.16 | −0.07 | −0.15 | 0.14 | −0.05 | 0.38 |
p-value | 0.16 | 0.51 | 0.19 | 0.12 | 0.59 | <0.001 | |
Progesterone (ng/mL) | r | −0.09 | 0.05 | −0.05 | −0.13 | 0.05 | −0.22 |
p-value | 0.42 | 0.63 | 0.64 | 0.16 | 0.59 | 0.01 | |
Corticosterone (ng/mL) | r | −0.15 | −0.15 | 0.07 | −0.08 | −0.04 | −0.06 |
p-value | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.50 | 0.4 | 0.61 | 0.50 | |
Aldosterone (ng/mL) | r | 0.05 | 0.08 | −0.04 | −0.10 | −0.10 | 0.02 |
p-value | 0.64 | 0.47 | 0.71 | 0.28 | 0.24 | 0.81 |
Changes iSAT | Changes iVAT | Changes pSAT | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | β | p-Value | β | p-Value | β | p-Value |
Age (years) | 0.004 | 0.98 | −0.089 | 0.57 | 0.129 | 0.42 |
Sex | 0.090 | 0.81 | 0.097 | 0.80 | 0.225 | 0.57 |
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.248 | 0.19 | −0.292 | 0.12 | 0.207 | 0.29 |
Ferritin (ng/mL) | −0.091 | 0.61 | 0.010 | 0.95 | −0.076 | 0.67 |
Hepcidin (ng/mL) | 0.392 | 0.008 | 0.283 | 0.05 | −0.064 | 0.66 |
Transferrin (mg/dL) | −0.120 | 0.38 | −0.222 | 0.11 | 0.206 | 0.15 |
hsCRP (mg/dL) | 0.011 | 0.94 | −0.196 | 0.21 | 0.309 | 0.06 |
M value (mg/kg/min) | −0.329 | 0.06 | −0.354 | 0.04 | 0.236 | 0.18 |
TG (mg/dL) | −0.056 | 0.66 | 0.037 | 0.78 | −0.278 | 0.04 |
Testosterone (ng/mL) | 0.052 | 0.88 | −0.127 | 0.72 | 0.414 | 0.25 |
Estradiol (ng/mL) | −0.154 | 0.27 | −0.021 | 0.88 | −0.082 | 0.57 |
B | β | p-Value | β | p-Value | β | p-Value |
Age (years) | −0.044 | 0.78 | −0.151 | 0.35 | 0.193 | 0.22 |
Sex | 0.336 | 0.41 | 0.359 | 0.38 | −0.087 | 0.83 |
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.145 | 0.40 | −0.183 | 0.30 | 0.180 | 0.30 |
Ferritin (ng/mL) | −0.103 | 0.57 | 0.004 | 0.98 | −0.102 | 0.57 |
Hepcidin (ng/mL) | 0.406 | 0.007 | 0.306 | 0.04 | −0.066 | 0.65 |
Transferrin (mg/dL) | −0.069 | 0.62 | −0.150 | 0.29 | 0.140 | 0.31 |
hsCRP (mg/dL) | 0.136 | 0.40 | −0.060 | 0.71 | 0.166 | 0.31 |
M value (Change) | −0.222 | 0.09 | −0.218 | 0.10 | 0.287 | 0.03 |
TG (mg/dL) | −0.021 | 0.87 | 0.076 | 0.56 | −0.285 | 0.03 |
Testosterone (ng/mL) | 0.303 | 0.41 | 0.144 | 0.70 | 0.118 | 0.75 |
Estradiol (ng/mL) | −0.258 | 0.07 | −0.134 | 0.35 | 0.025 | 0.86 |
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Hinojosa-Moscoso, A.; Motger-Albertí, A.; De la Calle-Vargas, E.; Martí-Navas, M.; Biarnés, C.; Arnoriaga-Rodríguez, M.; Blasco, G.; Puig, J.; Luque-Córdoba, D.; Priego-Capote, F.; et al. The Longitudinal Changes in Subcutaneous Abdominal Tissue and Visceral Adipose Tissue Volumetries Are Associated with Iron Status. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 4750. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054750
Hinojosa-Moscoso A, Motger-Albertí A, De la Calle-Vargas E, Martí-Navas M, Biarnés C, Arnoriaga-Rodríguez M, Blasco G, Puig J, Luque-Córdoba D, Priego-Capote F, et al. The Longitudinal Changes in Subcutaneous Abdominal Tissue and Visceral Adipose Tissue Volumetries Are Associated with Iron Status. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(5):4750. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054750
Chicago/Turabian StyleHinojosa-Moscoso, Alejandro, Anna Motger-Albertí, Elena De la Calle-Vargas, Marian Martí-Navas, Carles Biarnés, María Arnoriaga-Rodríguez, Gerard Blasco, Josep Puig, Diego Luque-Córdoba, Feliciano Priego-Capote, and et al. 2023. "The Longitudinal Changes in Subcutaneous Abdominal Tissue and Visceral Adipose Tissue Volumetries Are Associated with Iron Status" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 5: 4750. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054750