Targeting Signalling Pathways in Chronic Wound Healing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Physiology of Wound Healing
1.2. Pathophysiology of Wound Healing
2. The PI3K/AKT Pathway
2.1. The PI3K/AKT Signalling Pathway in Wound Healing
2.2. Natural Extracts Promoting the PI3K/AKT Pathway
2.3. Stem-Cell-Based Treatment Promoting the PI3K/AKT Pathway
3. The Canonical Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway
3.1. Overview of the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway
3.2. Targeting Wnt/β-Catenin Signalling to Enhance Chronic Wound Healing
4. TGF-β Signalling
4.1. Overview of the TGF-β Signalling Pathway
4.2. Targeting TGF-β Signalling to Enhance Chronic Wound Healing
5. Nrf2 Signalling Pathway
5.1. Overview of the Nrf2 Signalling Pathway
5.2. Targeting Nrf2 Signalling to Enhance Chronic Wound Healing
6. Notch Signalling Pathway
6.1. Overview of Notch Signalling Pathway
6.2. Role of Notch Signalling during Normal Wound Healing
6.3. Dysregulated Notch Signalling in Diabetic Wounds and Hypertrophic Scars
6.4. Targeting Notch Signalling to Enhance Healing of Chronic Wounds
6.4.1. Inhibition of Notch Signalling to Promote Diabetic Wound Healing
6.4.2. The Activation of Notch Signalling to Enhance the Healing of Pressure Ulcers and Chronic Limb Ischaemia Ulcers
6.4.3. Novel Regulators of Notch Signalling as Potential Targets to Enhance Chronic Wound Healing
7. HIF-1 Signalling Pathway
7.1. Overview of HIF-1 Signalling Pathway
7.2. Role of HIF-1 Signalling during Wound Healing
7.3. Targeting HIF-1 Signalling to Promote Healing in Chronic Wounds
7.4. Targeting Novel Regulators of HIF-1 Signalling
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Processes Required to Enhance Chronic Wound Healing | Activation of Pathways Involved in the Processes of Wound Healing |
---|---|
The promotion of M1 to M2 macrophage transition | TGF-β [13] and Notch [14] |
The promotion of keratinocyte proliferation | PI3K/AKT [15] |
The promotion of fibroblast proliferation and migration | PI3K/AKT [15,16,17], Wnt/β-catenin [18], TGF-β [19,20], Nrf2 [21] and HIF-1 [22,23] |
The promotion of angiogenesis | PI3K/AKT [15,24,25], Wnt/β-catenin [26,27], Notch [28] and HIF-1 [23,29,30,31,32,33,34,35] |
The promotion of remodelling | TGF-β [36,37,38,39,40,41,42] |
The promotion of keratinocyte migration | TGF-β [43] |
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Bonnici, L.; Suleiman, S.; Schembri-Wismayer, P.; Cassar, A. Targeting Signalling Pathways in Chronic Wound Healing. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010050
Bonnici L, Suleiman S, Schembri-Wismayer P, Cassar A. Targeting Signalling Pathways in Chronic Wound Healing. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(1):50. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010050
Chicago/Turabian StyleBonnici, Lian, Sherif Suleiman, Pierre Schembri-Wismayer, and Analisse Cassar. 2024. "Targeting Signalling Pathways in Chronic Wound Healing" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 1: 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010050