Relationship between Plasma Lipid Profile and Cognitive Status in Early Alzheimer Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Participants Description
2.2. Clustering Analysis and Lipidomic Profile
2.3. Clinical Significance of Lipid Profile
2.4. Lipid Profile for Progression
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Participants and Sample Collection
4.2. Lipidomic Analysis
4.3. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Aβ42 | Amyloid β42 |
AD | Alzheimer disease |
ADCS-MCI-ADL | Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living for Mild Cognitive Impairment |
ApoE | Apolipoprotein E |
APP | Amyloid precursor peptide |
BACE1 | β-Secretase 1 |
CDR | Clinical Dementia Rating |
CE | Cholesterol ester |
Cer | Ceramide |
CSF | Cerebrospinal fluid |
CEIC | Ethics Committee |
DG | diglycerols |
DHCer | dihydroceramides |
DHSM | dihydrosphingomyelin |
FA | fatty acids |
FAQ | Functionality Assessment Questionnaire |
GMM | Gaussian Mixture model |
HDL | high-density lipoprotein |
LDL | density lipoprotein |
LPC | Lysophosphatidylcholines |
LPE | Lysophosphatidylethanolamines |
MCI | Mild cognitive impairment |
MG | Monoglycerides |
MMSE | Mini-Mental State Examination |
MTA | Medial temporal lobe atrophy |
NIA-AA | National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer’s Association |
NfL | Neurofilament light chain |
PC | phosphatidylcholines |
PE | phosphatidylethanolamines |
PI | phosphatidylinositols |
PIsEs | Ethanolamine plasmalogens |
PSEN | presenilin |
p-Tau | phosphorylated Tau |
RBANS | Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status |
SM | sphingomyelins |
TG | triglycerides |
TREM2 | Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 |
t-Tau | total Tau |
UPLC-TOF/MS | ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry |
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Participants (n = 31) | ||
---|---|---|
Age (years) (median (IQR)) | 71 (68,74) | |
Sex (Female, n (%)) | 16 (48%) | |
Educational level (n, %) | Primary | 11 (36.7%) |
Secondary | 12 (38.7%) | |
Universitary | 7 (22.6%) | |
Drugs (n, %) | Statins | 15 (48,4) |
Fibrates | 4 (12.9) | |
Benzodiazepines | 5 (16.1%) | |
Antidepressants | 2 (6.5%) | |
Antihypertensives | 11 (35.5%) | |
Comorbidities (n, %) | Dislipidemia | 14 (45.2%) |
Diabetes | 2 (6.5%) | |
Hypertension | 11 (35.5%) | |
Heart Disease | 0 (0%) | |
Cerebrovascular disease | 0 (0%) | |
Smoke status (Yes) (n, %) | 4 (12.9%) | |
Alcohol (n, %) | 2 (6.5%) | |
Depression (n, %) | 7 (22.6%) | |
Anxiety (n, %) | 4 (12.9%) | |
ApoE4 carrier (n, %) | 13 (76%) * | |
CSF Amyloid-β42 (Aβ42) (pg mL−1) (median (IQR)) | 508 (436,675) | |
CSF t-Tau (pg mL−1) (median (IQR)) | 526 (341,733) | |
CSF p-Tau (pg mL−1) (median (IQR)) | 76 (57,105) | |
CSF Amyloid-β40 (Aβ40) (pg mL−1) | 10292 (5959,12464) | |
Aβ42/Aβ40 (median (IQR)) | 0.06 (0.05,0.10) | |
Neurofilament light chain (NfL) (pg mL−1) (median (IQR)) | 818 (550,1442) | |
t-Tau/Aβ42 (median (IQR)) | 0.94 (0.68,1.30) | |
CDR (score) (median (IQR)) | 0.5 (0.5,0.5) | |
MMSE (score) (median (IQR)) | 26 (24,28) | |
RBANS.DM (score) (median (IQR)) | 60 (40,91) | |
FAQ (score) (median (IQR)) | 5 (1,8) |
Lipid Family | Cluster 1 (n = 16) | Cluster 2 (n = 15) | p Value (Mann–Whitney) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) (a.u.) | Median (IQR) (a.u.) | Mean (SD) (a.u.) | Median (IQR) (a.u.) | ||
CEs | 4.33 (1.08) | 4.48 (3.37,4.95) | 3.94 (1.38) | 3.84 (3.05,5.17) | 0.318 |
Cers | 10.28 (2.05) | 9.72 (8.65,11.649) | 5.71 (2.15) | 6.43 (3.59,7.77) | 0.000 * |
DGs | 2.33 (0.38) | 2.22 (2.00,2.69) | 1.34 (0.28) | 1.40 (1.06,1.55) | 0.000 * |
FAs | 22.05 (13.68) | 18.16 (11.00,27.23) | 14.26 (5.84) | 13.68 (10.65,19.50) | 0.188 |
LPCs | 15.53 (3.03) | 15.06 (12.82,18.40) | 6.80 (2.57) | 6.78 (4.35,9.79) | 0.000 * |
LPEs | 6.76 (1.86) | 6.44 (5.31,7.97) | 2.65 (1.33) | 2.61 (1.36,4.00) | 0.000 * |
MGs | 2.37 (1.13) | 2.44 (1.19,3.44) | 1.06 (1.36) | 0.68 (0.40,1,12) | 0.000 * |
PCs | 58.29 (8.17) | 56.25 (52.65,65.79) | 34.80 (9.23) | 37.11 (25.56,42.34) | 0.000 * |
PEs | 13.21 (4.99) | 13.60 (8.64,14.59) | 4.89 (1.59) | 4.59 (3.82,6.40) | 0.000 * |
PIs | 6.63 (2.03) | 6.20 (4.70,8.55) | 3.33 (1.34) | 3.07 (2.48,3.98) | 0.000 * |
SMs | 8.75 (1.43) | 8.63 (7.89,10.02) | 4.05 (1.85) | 4.09 (2.37,6.01) | 0.000 * |
TGs | 25.60 (10.16) | 22.87 (17.90,31.90) | 21.36 (6.24) | 20.29 (17.84,26.15) | 0.338 |
SUMBOX CDR | CDRM | CDRADA | MMSE | RBANS.MI | RBANS.A | RBANS.DM | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DGs (PCC (p value)) | −0.312 (0.14) | −0.330 (0.12) | −0.161 (0.45) | 0.378 (0.039) * | 0.298 (0.11) | −0.002 (0.99) | 0.391 (0.033) * |
FAs (PCC (p value)) | −0.211 (0.32) | −0.190 (0.38) | −0.221 (0.30) | 0.011 (0.96) | 0.069 (0.72) | −0.387 (0.034) * | 0.059 (0.76) |
LPCs (PCC (p value)) | −0.407 (0.049) * | −0.410 (0.047) * | −0.251 (0.24) | 0.328 (0.08) | 0.248 (0.19) | −0.043 (0.82) | 0.213 (0.26) |
MGs (PCC (p value)) | −0.427 (0.037) * | −0.423 (0.039) * | −0.463 (0.023) * | 0.350 (0.06) | 0.393 (0.032) * | 0.077 (0.69) | 0.431 (0.018) * |
SMs (PCC (p value)) | −0.437 (0.033) * | −0.449 (0.028) * | −0.275 (0.19) | 0.420 (0.021) * | 0.324 (0.08) | 0.108 (0.57) | 0.371 (0.044) * |
Estimate | Standard Error | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Intercept (model 1) | −1.2 | 1.8 | 0.4990 |
Slope (model 1) | −0.001 | 0.002 | 0.6040 |
Intercept (model 2) | 0 | 3 | 0.9591 |
Slope (model 2) | −0.010 | 0.004 | 0.0436 * |
Estimate | Standard Error | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Intercept | −0.5 | 1.6 | 0.7494 |
Slope (x) | −0.002 | 0.002 | 0.3666 |
Interaction Coefficient (x:factor) | −0.007 | 0.002 | 0.0021 ** |
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Peña-Bautista, C.; Álvarez-Sánchez, L.; García-Lluch, G.; Raga, L.; Quevedo, P.; Peretó, M.; Balaguer, A.; Baquero, M.; Cháfer-Pericás, C. Relationship between Plasma Lipid Profile and Cognitive Status in Early Alzheimer Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 5317. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105317
Peña-Bautista C, Álvarez-Sánchez L, García-Lluch G, Raga L, Quevedo P, Peretó M, Balaguer A, Baquero M, Cháfer-Pericás C. Relationship between Plasma Lipid Profile and Cognitive Status in Early Alzheimer Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(10):5317. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105317
Chicago/Turabian StylePeña-Bautista, Carmen, Lourdes Álvarez-Sánchez, Gemma García-Lluch, Luis Raga, Paola Quevedo, Mar Peretó, Angel Balaguer, Miguel Baquero, and Consuelo Cháfer-Pericás. 2024. "Relationship between Plasma Lipid Profile and Cognitive Status in Early Alzheimer Disease" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 10: 5317. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105317