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Review

The Balance between Protealysin and Its Substrate, the Outer Membrane Protein OmpX, Regulates Serratia proteamaculans Invasion

Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky av. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(11), 6159; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25116159
Submission received: 31 March 2024 / Revised: 23 May 2024 / Accepted: 31 May 2024 / Published: 3 June 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Proteases: Structure, Function and Role in Pathogenesis)

Abstract

Serratia are opportunistic bacteria, causing infections in plants, insects, animals and humans under certain conditions. The development of bacterial infection in the human body involves several stages of host–pathogen interaction, including entry into non-phagocytic cells to evade host immune cells. The facultative pathogen Serratia proteamaculans is capable of penetrating eukaryotic cells. These bacteria synthesize an actin-specific metalloprotease named protealysin. After transformation with a plasmid carrying the protealysin gene, noninvasive E. coli penetrate eukaryotic cells. This suggests that protealysin may play a key role in S. proteamaculans invasion. This review addresses the mechanisms underlying protealysin’s involvement in bacterial invasion, highlighting the main findings as follows. Protealysin can be delivered into the eukaryotic cell by the type VI secretion system and/or by bacterial outer membrane vesicles. By cleaving actin in the host cell, protealysin can mediate the reversible actin rearrangements required for bacterial invasion. However, inactivation of the protealysin gene leads to an increase, rather than decrease, in the intensity of S. proteamaculans invasion. This indicates the presence of virulence factors among bacterial protealysin substrates. Indeed, protealysin cleaves the virulence factors, including the bacterial surface protein OmpX. OmpX increases the expression of the EGFR and β1 integrin, which are involved in S. proteamaculans invasion. It has been shown that an increase in the invasion of genetically modified S. proteamaculans may be the result of the accumulation of full-length OmpX on the bacterial surface, which is not cleaved by protealysin. Thus, the intensity of the S. proteamaculans invasion is determined by the balance between the active protealysin and its substrate OmpX.
Keywords: bacterial invasion; protealysin; outer membrane protein OmpX; Serratia proteamaculans; EGFR; β1 integrin; fibronectin; E-cadherin bacterial invasion; protealysin; outer membrane protein OmpX; Serratia proteamaculans; EGFR; β1 integrin; fibronectin; E-cadherin

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MDPI and ACS Style

Tsaplina, O. The Balance between Protealysin and Its Substrate, the Outer Membrane Protein OmpX, Regulates Serratia proteamaculans Invasion. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 6159. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25116159

AMA Style

Tsaplina O. The Balance between Protealysin and Its Substrate, the Outer Membrane Protein OmpX, Regulates Serratia proteamaculans Invasion. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(11):6159. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25116159

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tsaplina, Olga. 2024. "The Balance between Protealysin and Its Substrate, the Outer Membrane Protein OmpX, Regulates Serratia proteamaculans Invasion" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 11: 6159. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25116159

APA Style

Tsaplina, O. (2024). The Balance between Protealysin and Its Substrate, the Outer Membrane Protein OmpX, Regulates Serratia proteamaculans Invasion. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(11), 6159. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25116159

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