Aquaporins: Gatekeepers of Fluid Dynamics in Traumatic Brain Injury
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Aquaporins in the CNS
3. Role of AQPs in TBI
4. Mechanisms Underlying Aquaporin Dysregulation in TBI
5. Diagnostic and Prognostic Implications
6. Emerging Technologies and Future Directions
6.1. Vasopressin V1a Receptors
6.2. Antisense Oligonucleotides
6.3. Minocycline
6.4. Acetazolamide
6.5. miR-211-5p
6.6. Trifluoperazine
6.7. Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase 2
6.8. Hypertonic Saline
6.9. Monocyte Locomotion Inhibitor Factor
6.10. Lentivirus-Mediated AQP4 Gene Silencing
6.11. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
6.12. Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor
6.13. Melatonin Receptors
6.14. Other Targets
Technology/Approach | Description | Reference |
---|---|---|
Gene deletion of AQPs | Reduces edema in preclinical studies but lacks direct AQP4 inhibitor | [141] |
Bumetanide | Inhibits NKCC1, reduces astrocyte swelling after fluid percussion injury | [142] |
AER-271 | Blocks acute brain edema, improves early outcomes in pediatric cardiac arrest models | [143] |
Aquaporumab | Inhibits neuromyelitis optica progression in vivo, not tested in ischemic/traumatic models | [144] |
Vasopressin V1a receptors | Regulates AQPs in the brain, potentially controlling cerebral edema through PKC activation and JNK pathways | [86] |
Antisense oligonucleotides | Bind to mRINA, prevent AQP4 functional protein formation, reduce edema if administered early | [145] |
Minocycline | Suppresses AQP4 expression post-TBI, protects BBB integrity, modulates astrocyte characteristics | [146] |
Acetazolamide | Inhibits CA, prevents AQP4 redistribution post-TBI, mitigates cytotoxic edema | [147] |
miR-211-5p | Regulates MMP9/AQP4 axis, therapeutic potential for TBI treatment by targeting this pathway | [148] |
Trifluoperazine | Reduces AQP4 accumulation, mitigates brain edema, reduces neurological severity post-TBI | [149,150,151] |
Adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 | NOX2 inhibition reduces AQP4 levels, enhances cognitive function, reduces brain edema post-TBI | [152] |
Hypertonic saline | Reduces AQP4, TNFa, IL-1B levels, and brain water contact, suppresses apoptosis post-TBI | [153] |
Monocyte locomotion inhibitor factor | Reduces brain water content, suppresses AQP4 suppression, provides protection against TBI | [154,155] |
Lentivirus-mediated AQP4 gene silencing | Reduces AQP4 expression, mitigates brain edema, reduces neurological deficits and neuronal apoptosis post-TBI | [156] |
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids | Improve glymphatic clearance, reduce AB42 accumulation, protect BBB integrity post-TBI | [162] |
Angiotensin II type 1 receptor | Deficiency preserves BBB integrity, reduces AQP4 polarization, improves glymphatic function, and AB clearance post-TBI | [158] |
Melatonin receptors | Interaction with estrogen may reduce BBB permeability, influence AQP4 expression | [160] |
Arginin and laminin | Regulate BBB integrity and AQP4 polarization, important for astrocyte migration and plasticity | [161] |
7. Conclusions
8. Final Thoughts
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Subject | Key Findings | AQP Type | Sample Type | Study Type | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
“Cellular distribution of brain aquaporins and their contribution to cerebrospinal fluid homeostasis” [128] | Explored changes in aquaporin expression post-TBI in rats | AQP4 | Brain tissue, CSF | Experimental | 2022 |
“Dynamic regulation of aquaporin-4 water channels in neurological disorders” [107] | Analyzed AQP4 expression changes in CSF of severe head injury patients | AQP4 | CSF | Clinical | 2015 |
“Immunohistochemical evaluation of aquaporin-4 and its correlation” [129] | Examined AQP4 expression and localization changes in TBI patients | AQP4 | Brain tissue | Clinical | 2018 |
“Aquaporin-4 distribution in control and stressed astrocytes” [130] | Found elevated AQP4 levels in CSF after TBI | AQP4 | CSF | Experimental | 2013 |
“Neuronal damage and functional deficits are ameliorated by inhibition of aquaporin” [131] | Linked changes in AQP expression post-TBI to functional outcomes | AQP4 | Brain tissue | Experimental | 2012 |
“Effect of decompressive craniectomy on aquaporin-4 expression” [132] | Investigated AQP4 expression changes following TBI | AQP4 | Brain tissue | Experimental | 2011 |
“Aquaporin 4 expression and ultrastructure of the blood–brain barrier” [133] | Studied the dynamic change of AQP4 expression after cerebral contusion injury | AQP4 | Brain tissue | Experimental | 2013 |
“Protective effects of aquaporin-4 deficiency on neurological outcomes” [134] | Studied the effects of AQP4 deficiency on TBI outcomes | AQP4 | Brain tissue | Experimental | 2021 |
“Fluid-percussion brain injury induces changes in aquaporin channel expression” [135] | Examined the changes in AQP expression levels in a rat model of TBI | Multiple AQPs | Brain tissue | Experimental | 2011 |
“Regulation of aquaporin-4 in a traumatic brain injury model in rats” [80] | Explored the regulation of AQP4 expression in TBI and its clinical implications | AQP4 | Brain tissue | Experimental | 2003 |
“Emerging roles for dynamic aquaporin-4 subcellular relocalization” [19] | Discussed the dynamic relocalization of AQP4 in CNS water homeostasis post-TBI | AQP4 | Brain tissue, CSF | Review | 2022 |
“Expression of aquaporin-4 and pathological characteristics of brain injury” [136] | Explored the relationship between AQP4 expression and brain injury pathology | AQP4 | Brain tissue, CSF | Experimental | 2015 |
“Aquaporin and brain diseases” [137] | Examined the impact of traumatic brain injury on aquaporin expression levels | Multiple AQPs | Brain tissue, CSF | Review | 2014 |
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Czyżewski, W.; Litak, J.; Sobstyl, J.; Mandat, T.; Torres, K.; Staśkiewicz, G. Aquaporins: Gatekeepers of Fluid Dynamics in Traumatic Brain Injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 6553. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25126553
Czyżewski W, Litak J, Sobstyl J, Mandat T, Torres K, Staśkiewicz G. Aquaporins: Gatekeepers of Fluid Dynamics in Traumatic Brain Injury. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(12):6553. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25126553
Chicago/Turabian StyleCzyżewski, Wojciech, Jakub Litak, Jan Sobstyl, Tomasz Mandat, Kamil Torres, and Grzegorz Staśkiewicz. 2024. "Aquaporins: Gatekeepers of Fluid Dynamics in Traumatic Brain Injury" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 12: 6553. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25126553