Molecular Morbidity Score–Can MicroRNAs Assess the Burden of Disease?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Aims
3. Multimorbidity
4. MicroRNAs and Multimorbidity
5. MicroRNAs and the Hallmarks of Ageing
5.1. Primary Hallmarks
5.1.1. Genomic Instability
Hallmark | MicroRNA | Effect | Model | Target/Mechanism | Findings | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genomic Instability | ||||||
miR-101-3p | ↑ | Human melanoma cells and melanocytes | Lamin B1, ATRX, CASP3 and PARP | Re-expression of miR-101-3p led to an increase in DNA damage and induction of apoptosis | [65] | |
miR-105-5p and miR-767-5p | ↑ | Patients with breast cancer | Untested | 2 microRNA signature was associated with genomic instability and could predict prognosis | [70] | |
miR-653-3p | ↑ | Human colorectal cancer cells | SIRT1/TWIST1 signalling pathway | Ectopic expression of miR-653-3p induced increased DNA damage and chromosomal instability but inhibited apoptosis | [66] | |
Telomere Attrition | ||||||
miR-340-5p | ↓ | Murine model of Alzheimer’s disease | POT1 | miR-340-5p upregulated telomerase activity and increased cellular telomere length, improving Alzheimer’s disease symptoms | [72] | |
Deleting miR-126a | ↓ | Murine model of cholestasis | versican | Deleting miR-126a induced telomere shortening and associated inflammation and hepatic dysfunction | [73] | |
miR-185 | ↑ | Human cell lines | POT1 | miR-185 reduces P0T1 and overexpression increases telomere dysfunction-induced foci signals and cellular senescence | [74] | |
Epigenetic Alterations | ||||||
miR-148a | ↓ | Pancreatic surgery specimens | N/A | Hypermethylation of the DNA region encoding miR-148a differentiates chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | [75] | |
miR-7 | ↓ | Buccal epithelial samples from patients with COPD | N/A | miR-7 methylated levels could differentiate COPD phenotypes | [76] | |
miR-223-3p | ↑ | Gastric cancer tissue specimens | Arid1a | Mir-2223-3p promotes the progression of gastric cancer | [77] | |
Loss of Proteostasis | ||||||
miR-34 | ↓ | Drosophilia melanogaster | H3K27me3, Lst8 subunit of TORC1 | Loss of miR-34 expression associated with increased protein accumulation, early ageing and neurodegeneration | [78] | |
miR-9 | ↓ | Multiple models for Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome | Lamin A and progerin expression | miR-9 inhibits lamin A and progerin expression in neural cells, mitigating toxic accumulation and protecting against neurodegeneration | [79] | |
miR-320a | ↓ | Colorectal cancer cells | eIF2, unfolded protein response | miR-320a regulates the unfolded protein response in colorectal cancer cells | [80] | |
Disabled Macro-Autophagy | ||||||
miR-33 | ↑ | BAL cells from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis | Mitochondrial homeostasis and autophagy pathways | Inhibition of miR-33 ameliorates mitochondrial homeostasis and autophagy, decreasing inflammation after bleomycin exposure | [81] | |
miR-125b | ↑ | Thyroid surgical specimens | MAPK and AKT/mTOR signalling | miR125 expression was associated with thyroid cancer invasion and BRAFV600E mutation status | [82] | |
miR-494 | ↑ | Rat model of diabetic cardiomyopathy | PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway | Decreased miR-494 expression reduced apoptosis and autophagy induced by hyperglycaemia | [83] |
5.1.2. Telomere Attrition
5.1.3. Epigenetic Alterations
5.1.4. Loss of Proteostasis
5.1.5. Disabled Macro-Autophagy
5.2. Antagonistic Hallmarks
5.2.1. Cellular Senescence
Hallmark | MicroRNA | Effect | Model | Target/Mechanism | Findings | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cellular Senescence | ||||||
miR-3200-3p | ↑ | Cellular and murine model | DDB1 in Treg cells | Inhibition of VEGFR2 upregulates miR-3200-3p which targets DDB1 in Treg cells to promote senescence in non-small-cell lung cancer | [96] | |
miR-377-3p | ↑ | Human patients and cellular and murine models | ZFP36L1 | miR-377-3p promotes lung fibroblast senescence and suppresses ZFP36L1 to exacerbate COPD | [98] | |
miR-106b-5p | ↑ | Human gastric cancer cell lines and patient gastric tissue samples | E2F/miR-106b-5p/p21 axis | BRD4 modulates the proliferation of gastric cancer cells by controlling cellular senescence by targeting E2F/miR-106b-5p/p21 axis | [97] | |
Mitochondrial Dysfunction | ||||||
miR-128-3p | ↓ | Murine asthma model | SIX1 | miR-128-3p controls airway inflammation by targeting SIX1 and regulating mitochondrial function | [105] | |
miR-181a | ↓ | Murine model | PDCD4 | miR-181a targets PDCD4 to modulate mitochondrial fission and apoptosis and preserve left ventricular function following myocardial infarction | [106] | |
miR-328-5p | ↓ | in vitro and murine model | Sirt1 | lncRNA Glis2 inhibited miR-328-5p to improve mitochondrial function and mitigate podocyte apoptosis and progression of diabetic nephropathy | [107] | |
Deregulated Nutrient-Sensing | ||||||
miR-221 | ↑ | Breast cancer cell line | PTEN/Akt/mTOR signalling | miR-221 mediated breast cancer cell proliferation and resistance to adriamycin by modulating PTEN/Akt/mTOR signalling | [108] | |
miR-125b | ↑ | Murine model | RRAGD/mTOR/ULK1 pathway | Atherosclerotic progression was associated with reduced autophagy and downregulated expression of miR-125b | [109] | |
miR-192-5p | ↑ | Human patients with NAFLD and murine models | Rictor/Akt/FOX01 | Increased expression of miR-192-5p promotes hepatic macrophage activation and disease progression in NAFLD by modulating Rictor/Akt/Fox01 signalling | [110] |
5.2.2. Mitochondrial Dysfunction
5.2.3. Deregulated Nutrient Sensing
5.3. Integrative Hallmarks
5.3.1. Stem Cell Exhaustion
Hallmark | MicroRNA | Effect | Model | Target/Mechanism | Findings | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stem Cell Exhaustion | ||||||
miR-31 | ↓ | Murine model | IL34, JAK-STAT3 signalling | miR-31 modulates IL-34/JAK-STAT3 signalling to determine the differentiation and functional reserve of satellite cells, thus regulating the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle | [133] | |
miR-524-5p | ↓ | NSCLC cell lines | miR-524-5p-METTL3/SOX2 axis | circVMP1 potentiates NSCLC progression and DDP resistance by modulating miR-524-5p-METTL3/SOX2 axis | [139] | |
miR-122 | ↓ | Human hepatic cancer cell line | Wnt/β-catenin | miR-122 reduces the stemness and chemoresistance of hepatic cancer cells by modulating Wnt/β-catenin signalling | [141] | |
Altered Intercellular Communication | ||||||
miR-322-5p | ↓ | Rat model of myocardial infarction | Smurf2, TGF-β/Smad pathway | miR-322-5p/Smurf2 axis modulates TGF-β/Smad signalling to potentiate myocardial injury following myocardial infarction | [142] | |
miR-582-5p | ↓ | Human NSCLC cell lines | Hippo-YAP/TAZ | miR-582-5p induces tumour-suppressive changes in NSCLC cells by downregulating YAP/TAZ signalling | [143] | |
miR-133b | ↑ | Murine model of atherosclerosis | Notch signalling | MiR-133b exacerbates atherosclerosis by activating Notch signalling | [144] | |
Chronic Inflammation | ||||||
miR-210 | ↑ | Human patients with psoriasis vulgaris | FOXP3 | Upregulated miR-210 modulates FOXP3 in CD4+ T cells to potentiate immune dysfunction in psoriasis vulgaris | [145] | |
miR-181b | ↑ | Human osteosarcoma tissue samples | Il-1β/NF-κB | IL-1β/NF-κB signalling induces overexpression of miR-181b which promotes the proliferation of osteosarcoma cells | [146] | |
miR-29a/29b | ↓ | Human patients with cirrhosis | N/A | Reduced miR-29a/miR-29b expression was associated with upregulated IL-6 and TNF-α and a more advanced grade of cirrhosis | [147] | |
Dysbiosis | ||||||
miR-582-3p | ↑ | Patients with NASH and in vitro models | TMBIM1 | Gut microbiota affected expression of miR-582-3p which potentiated hepatic fibrosis | [148] | |
miR-122 | ↑ | Murine model | N/A | Intestinal flora-produced butyrate downregulates miR-122 expression which ameliorates diet-induced hypercholesterolaemia | [149] | |
miR-29a | ↓ | Murine model | N/A | miR-29a alleviated hepatic steatosis, altered the intestinal flora, reduced inflammation and improved lipid metabolism | [150] |
5.3.2. Altered Intercellular Communication
5.3.3. Chronic Inflammation
5.3.4. Dysbiosis
6. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Butler, T.; Davey, M.G.; Kerin, M.J. Molecular Morbidity Score–Can MicroRNAs Assess the Burden of Disease? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 8042. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158042
Butler T, Davey MG, Kerin MJ. Molecular Morbidity Score–Can MicroRNAs Assess the Burden of Disease? International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(15):8042. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158042
Chicago/Turabian StyleButler, Thomas, Matthew G. Davey, and Michael J. Kerin. 2024. "Molecular Morbidity Score–Can MicroRNAs Assess the Burden of Disease?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 15: 8042. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158042