Capsaicin Reduces Obesity by Reducing Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effects of Capsaicin on Body Weight and Food Intake
2.2. Effect of Capsaicin on Serum Biochemical Indices
2.3. Effect of Capsaicin on Oral Glucose Tolerance in Mice
2.4. Effect of Capsaicin on Proteobacteria
2.5. Changes in LPS Levels in the Intestine
2.6. Effect of Capsaicin on Local LPS-Induced Inflammatory Responses
2.7. Effect of Capsaicin on Intestinal Barrier Function
2.8. Effects of Capsaicin on Systemic Endotoxemia and Inflammatory Response
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Animals and Experimental Design
4.3. Detection of Biochemical Indicators
4.4. Glucose Tolerance Tests
4.5. Quantitative PCR Detection
4.6. Detection of Endotoxin
4.7. Detection of Inflammatory Cytokines
4.8. Histopathological Examination
4.9. Detection of the Relative Expression Level of RNA
4.10. Western Blotting
4.11. Measurement of Trans-Epithelial Electrical Resistance (TEER)
4.12. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | SLD | HFD | HFDC |
---|---|---|---|
Initial Body Weight (g) | 22.12 ± 0.95 | 21.90 ± 0.74 | 22.27 ± 1.06 |
Final Body Weight (g) | 31.04 ± 0.96 | 41.06 ± 1.16 * | 35.70 ± 1.65 # |
Body Weight Gain(g) | 8.92 ± 0.67 | 19.16 ± 0.63 * | 13.43 ± 1.52 # |
Average Feed Intake (g/d) | 3.27 ± 0.13 | 5.16 ± 0.11 * | 4.09 ± 0.13 # |
Total Feed Intake (g) | 274.47 ± 11.34 | 433.16 ± 9.40 * | 343.42 ± 10.80 # |
Bacterial Species | Primer | Sequence(5′-3′) | References |
---|---|---|---|
Helicobater | Forward | GCTCTCACTTCCATAGGCTATAATGTG | [47] |
Reverse | GCGCATGTCTTCGGTTAAAAA | ||
Probe | FAM-TAGGGCCTATGCCTACCCCTGCGA-TAMARA | ||
Desulfovibrio | Forward | CCGTAGATATCTGGAGGAACATCAG | [48] |
Reverse | ACATCTAGCATCCATCGTTTACAGC | ||
Sutterella | Forward | CGCGAAAAACCTTACCTAGCC | [49] |
Reverse | GACGTGTGAGGCCCTAGCC | ||
Probe | FAM-CACAGGTGCTGCATGGCTGTCGT-NFQ |
Gene | Primer | Sequence(5′-3′) | References |
---|---|---|---|
ZO-1(human) | Forward | GGTGAAGTGAAGACAATG | [14] |
Reverse | GGTAATATGGTGAAGTTAGAG | ||
Occludin(human) | Forward | GAGTTGTATCTGTTGTTGT | |
Reverse | TTCGTGGTATAGCATTCT | ||
IL-6(human) | Forward | GACAGCCACTCACCTCTTCA | |
Reverse | TTCACCAGGCAAGTCTCCTC | ||
TNF-α(human) | Forward | GTCAGATCATCTTCTCGA ACC | |
Reverse | CAGATAGATGGGCTCATACC | ||
TLR 4(human) | Forward | CTGGAAATATGACCACAGTCAGAA | [50] |
Reverse | TCAATCA CCCTAGACCTGCTCAA | ||
GAPDH(human) | Forward | CTGACTTCAACAGCGACACC | |
Reverse | AGCCAAATTCGTTGTCATACC | ||
Occludin(mice) | Forward | CCTTCTGCTTCATCGCTTCCTTA | [51] |
Reverse | CGTCGGGTTCACTCCCATTAT | ||
ZO-1(mice) | Forward | GATAGTTTGGCAGCAAGAGATGGTA | |
Reverse | AGGTCAGGGACGTTCAGTAAGGTAG | ||
IL-6(mice) | Forward | CACATGTTCTCTGGGAAATCG | [52] |
Reverse | TTGTATCTCTGGAAGTTTCAGATTGTT | ||
TNF-α(mice) | Forward | GCCACCACGCTCTTCTGTCTAC | |
Reverse | GGGTCTGGGCCATAGAACTGAT | ||
TLR 4(mice) | Forward | CGCTTTCACCTCTGCCTTCACTACAG | [12] |
Reverse | ACACTACCACAATAACCTTCCGGCTC | ||
GAPDH(mice) | Forward | GCATCCACTGGTGCTGCC | |
Reverse | TCATCATACTTGGCAGGTTTC |
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Yang, J.; Li, W.; Wang, Y. Capsaicin Reduces Obesity by Reducing Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 8979. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168979
Yang J, Li W, Wang Y. Capsaicin Reduces Obesity by Reducing Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(16):8979. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168979
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Jiaxin, Wanyi Li, and Yuanwei Wang. 2024. "Capsaicin Reduces Obesity by Reducing Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 16: 8979. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168979