In Vitro Investigation of the Anti-Fibrotic Effects of 1-Phenyl-2-Pentanol, Identified from Moringa oleifera Lam., on Hepatic Stellate Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. The Effects of Crude MO Extract and 1-PHE on Cell Viability
2.2. The Effects of Crude MO Extract and 1-PHE on Expression of Liver Fibrotic Markers
2.3. Proteomic Analysis of 1-PHE Treatment in LX-2 Cells
2.4. Molecular Docking Analysis of Candidate Target Proteins
2.5. Molecular Dynamics Simulation
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals and Reagents
4.2. Cell Line and Culture
4.3. Preparation of MO Leaf Crude Extract and Active Compound
4.4. Cytotoxicity Assessment by Resazurin Reduction Assay
4.5. Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR
4.6. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
4.7. Sample Preparation for LC-MS/MS Analysis
4.8. LC-MS/MS Setting and Data Processing for Proteomic Analysis
4.9. Bioinformatic Analysis of Proteomic Data
4.10. Molecular Docking Analysis
4.11. Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulation
4.12. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Uniprot ID | Gene ID | Description | Log2 Fold Change | −log10 p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Top 10 upregulated proteins | ||||
O15355 | PPM1G | Protein phosphatase | 4.30 | 4.29 |
Q12904 | AIMP1 | Aminoacyl tRNA synthase complex-interacting multifunctional protein 1 | 2.95 | 3.16 |
Q16537 | PPP2R5E | Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit epsilon isoform | 2.86 | 1.42 |
Q16186 | ADRM1 | Proteasomal ubiquitin receptor ADRM1 | 2.84 | 2.32 |
P04066 | FUCA1 | Tissue alpha-L-fucosidase | 2.80 | 1.92 |
O00139 | KIF2A | Kinesin-like protein KIF2A | 2.68 | 2.46 |
Q9UNF0 | PACSIN2 | Protein kinase C and casein kinase substrate in neurons protein 2 | 2.56 | 1.89 |
Q9BRK5 | SDF4 | 45 kDa calcium-binding protein | 2.45 | 1.40 |
Q0VDF9 | HSPA14 | Heat shock 70 kDa protein 14 | 2.43 | 2.18 |
Q09161 | NCBP1 | Nuclear cap-binding protein subunit 1 | 2.42 | 1.64 |
Top-10 downregulated proteins | ||||
O75197 | LRP5 | Low-density-lipoprotein-receptor-related protein 5 | −2.28 | 4.03 |
Q15582 | TGFBI | Transforming growth factor-beta-induced protein ig-h3 | −2.20 | 1.42 |
P04264 | KRT1 | Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 1 | −1.97 | 2.04 |
Q9Y266 | NUDC | Nuclear migration protein nudC | −1.91 | 3.85 |
Q92522 | H1FX | Histone H1x | −1.87 | 5.21 |
P22087 | FBL | rRNA 2′-O-methyltransferase fibrillarin | −1.87 | 3.35 |
Q9BS40 | LXN | Latexin | −1.65 | 1.83 |
Q5SRE5 | NUP188 | Nucleoporin NUP188 homolog | −1.63 | 2.46 |
P07858 | CTSB | Cathepsin B | −1.60 | 2.06 |
Protein Name | Ligand | AutoDock Vina Score | Interacting Amino Acid |
---|---|---|---|
Protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha (PRKACA) | 1-PHE | −6.033 | Val57, Ala70, Glu127, Leu173 |
3SB | −6.306 | Leu49, Val57, Ala70, Lys72, Asp166, Asn171, Leu173, Thr183, Asp184 | |
Low-density-lipoprotein-receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) | 1-PHE | −6.055 | Ala454, Ile455, Ala553, Val555, Ala598, Val600 |
Gene ID | Description | Forward (5′ → 3′) | Reverse (5′ → 3′) |
---|---|---|---|
TIMP1 | TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 | CAAGATGTATAAAGGGTTCCAAGC | TCCATCCTGCAGTTTTCCAG |
MMP2 | Matrix metallopeptidase 2 | AAGTATGGCTTCTGCCCTGA | ATTTGTTGCCCAGGAAAGTG |
COL1A1 | Collagen type I alpha 1 chain | CCGGCTCCTGCTCCTCTTAGCG | CGTTCTGTACGCAGGTGATTGGTGG |
COL4A1 | Collagen type IV alpha 1 chain | CCTGGCTTGAAAAACAGCTC | CCCTGCTGAGGTCTGTGAAC |
SMAD2 | SMAD family member 2 | TGCTCTGAAATTTGGGGACTGA | GACGACCATCAAGAGACCTGG |
SMAD3 | SMAD family member 3 | ATCGTGAAGCGCCTGCTG | CATCCAGGGACCTGGGGA |
GAPDH | Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase | ATGACATCAAGAAGGTGGTG | CATACCAGGAAATGAGCTTG |
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Buakaew, W.; Krobthong, S.; Yingchutrakul, Y.; Khamto, N.; Sutana, P.; Potup, P.; Thongsri, Y.; Daowtak, K.; Ferrante, A.; Léon, C.; et al. In Vitro Investigation of the Anti-Fibrotic Effects of 1-Phenyl-2-Pentanol, Identified from Moringa oleifera Lam., on Hepatic Stellate Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 8995. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168995
Buakaew W, Krobthong S, Yingchutrakul Y, Khamto N, Sutana P, Potup P, Thongsri Y, Daowtak K, Ferrante A, Léon C, et al. In Vitro Investigation of the Anti-Fibrotic Effects of 1-Phenyl-2-Pentanol, Identified from Moringa oleifera Lam., on Hepatic Stellate Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(16):8995. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168995
Chicago/Turabian StyleBuakaew, Watunyoo, Sucheewin Krobthong, Yodying Yingchutrakul, Nopawit Khamto, Pornsuda Sutana, Pachuen Potup, Yordhathai Thongsri, Krai Daowtak, Antonio Ferrante, Catherine Léon, and et al. 2024. "In Vitro Investigation of the Anti-Fibrotic Effects of 1-Phenyl-2-Pentanol, Identified from Moringa oleifera Lam., on Hepatic Stellate Cells" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 16: 8995. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168995