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Review

A Review of Animal Models for Studying Bone Health in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and Obesity

by
Saiful Iqbal Norazman
1,
Anis Syauqina Mohd Zaffarin
1,
Ahmad Nazrun Shuid
2,
Haniza Hassan
3,
Ima Nirwana Soleiman
4,
Wong Sok Kuan
4 and
Ekram Alias
1,*
1
The Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
2
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sg Buloh 47000, Malaysia
3
Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
4
The Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(17), 9399; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179399
Submission received: 9 July 2024 / Revised: 24 August 2024 / Accepted: 27 August 2024 / Published: 29 August 2024
(This article belongs to the Topic Animal Models of Human Disease 2.0)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Preclinical research on diabetes and obesity has been carried out in various animal models over the years. These animal models are developed from genetic manipulation that affects their body metabolism, chemical-induced procedures, diet alteration/modifications, or combinations of the aforementioned approaches. The diabetic and obesity animal models have allowed researchers to not only study the pathological aspect of the diseases but also enable them to screen and explore potential therapeutic compounds. Besides several widely known complications such as macrovascular diseases, diabetic neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy, type 2 diabetes mellitus is also known to affect bone health. There is also evidence to suggest obesity affects bone health. Therefore, continuous research needs to be conducted to find a remedy or solution to this matter. Previous literature reported evidence of bone loss in animal models of diabetes and obesity. These findings, as highlighted in this review, further augment the suggestion of an inter-relationship between diabetes, obesity and bone loss.
Keywords: type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); obesity; metabolic disorders; bone loss; animal model; genetic manipulation; chemical induction; diet modification type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); obesity; metabolic disorders; bone loss; animal model; genetic manipulation; chemical induction; diet modification

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MDPI and ACS Style

Norazman, S.I.; Mohd Zaffarin, A.S.; Shuid, A.N.; Hassan, H.; Soleiman, I.N.; Kuan, W.S.; Alias, E. A Review of Animal Models for Studying Bone Health in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and Obesity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9399. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179399

AMA Style

Norazman SI, Mohd Zaffarin AS, Shuid AN, Hassan H, Soleiman IN, Kuan WS, Alias E. A Review of Animal Models for Studying Bone Health in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and Obesity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(17):9399. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179399

Chicago/Turabian Style

Norazman, Saiful Iqbal, Anis Syauqina Mohd Zaffarin, Ahmad Nazrun Shuid, Haniza Hassan, Ima Nirwana Soleiman, Wong Sok Kuan, and Ekram Alias. 2024. "A Review of Animal Models for Studying Bone Health in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and Obesity" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 17: 9399. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179399

APA Style

Norazman, S. I., Mohd Zaffarin, A. S., Shuid, A. N., Hassan, H., Soleiman, I. N., Kuan, W. S., & Alias, E. (2024). A Review of Animal Models for Studying Bone Health in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and Obesity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(17), 9399. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179399

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