Mitochondrial Plasticity and Glucose Metabolic Alterations in Human Cancer under Oxidative Stress—From Viewpoints of Chronic Inflammation and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)
Abstract
:1. Redox and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
2. Glucose Metabolism, Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Electron Leak and Mitochondrial ROS
3. Chronic Inflammation and Human Cancer
4. ROS, Oxidative Stress and Cancer
5. NETs, ROS and Host Oxidative Damages
5.1. NOX-Dependent NET Formation
5.2. NOX-Independent NET Formation
5.3. Maladaptive Roles of NET-Related Tissue Damage and Cancer Biology
6. NETs, Oxidative Toxicity, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Warburg Effect in Human Cancers
7. Beneficial Events from the Warburg Effect
7.1. Increased Antioxidant Activity
7.2. Rapid Energy Production
7.3. Suppression of Anticancer Immunity
7.4. Increased Nucleic Acid Synthesis
8. Glucose Metabolic Reprogramming and Macromolecule Synthesis
8.1. Fatty Acid Synthesis
8.2. Amino Acid Synthesis
8.3. Nucleotide Synthesis
9. NETs Improve Biogenesis, Dynamics and Mitophagy in Cancer Mitochondria
9.1. Mitochondrial DNA Regulation and Mitochondrial Biogenesis
9.2. Mitochondrial Dynamics, Mitophagy and Mitochondrial Biogenesis
9.3. Mitochondrial Dynamics and Mitophagy
9.4. NETs in Cancer Progression and Cancer in NET Formation—Reciprocal Interaction between Cancer and NETs
9.5. NETs Augment mtDNA Biogenesis, Mitochondrial Dynamic and Mitophagy in Cancers to Promote Their Progression
10. Future Perspective
11. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Lee, H.-T.; Lin, C.-S.; Liu, C.-Y.; Chen, P.; Tsai, C.-Y.; Wei, Y.-H. Mitochondrial Plasticity and Glucose Metabolic Alterations in Human Cancer under Oxidative Stress—From Viewpoints of Chronic Inflammation and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9458. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179458
Lee H-T, Lin C-S, Liu C-Y, Chen P, Tsai C-Y, Wei Y-H. Mitochondrial Plasticity and Glucose Metabolic Alterations in Human Cancer under Oxidative Stress—From Viewpoints of Chronic Inflammation and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(17):9458. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179458
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Hui-Ting, Chen-Sung Lin, Chao-Yu Liu, Po Chen, Chang-Youh Tsai, and Yau-Huei Wei. 2024. "Mitochondrial Plasticity and Glucose Metabolic Alterations in Human Cancer under Oxidative Stress—From Viewpoints of Chronic Inflammation and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 17: 9458. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179458