Activation of G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor 1 (GPER) Attenuates Obesity-Induced Asthma by Switching M1 Macrophages to M2 Macrophages
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. G-1 Improved the Glucose Tolerance Capacity; However, It Did Not Suppress the HFD-Induced Obesity in C57BL/6 Mice
2.2. G-1 Suppressed Airway Hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and Immune Cell Infiltration in the Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF) of C57BL/6 Mice
2.3. G-1 Suppressed Histopathological Changes in the Lungs of C57BL/6 Mice
2.4. G-1 Increased Anti-Inflammatory M2 Macrophages and Suppressed Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs) in the Lungs of C57BL/6 Mice
2.5. G-1 Increased Adiponectin Levels and Suppressed Leptin Levels in the Lungs and Gonadal White Adipose Tissue of C57BL/6 Mice
2.6. G-1 Suppressed Inflammatory Cytokine Levels in the Gonadal White Adipose Tissue of C57BL/6 Mice
2.7. G-1 Suppressed Inflammatory Cytokine Levels in the Lungs of C57BL/6 Mice
2.8. G-1 Suppressed Inflammatory Cytokine Levels in the BALF of C57BL/6 Mice
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Mouse Strain
4.3. HFD Feeding
4.4. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
4.5. Airway Hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to Methacholine
4.6. Bronchial Alveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF) Cell Enumeration and Analysis
4.7. Histological Examination of Lung Tissue
4.8. Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR)
4.9. Flow Cytometry
4.10. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
4.11. Statistics
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mouse Gene | Forward Sequence (5′ to 3′) | Reverse Sequence (5′ to 3′) |
---|---|---|
Il-4 | CCTCACAGCAACGAAGAACA | CTGCAGCTCCATGAGAACAC |
Il-5 | CACCAGCTATGCATTGGAGA | CTCTTTTTGGCGGTCAATGT |
Il-6 | CTGATGCTGGTGACAACCAC | TCCACGATTACCCAGAGAAC |
Il-13 | CAGCATGGTATGGAGTGTGG | AGGCCATGCAATATCCTCTG |
Il-17a | AGCTGGACCACCACATGAAT | AGCATCTTCTCGACCCTGAA |
Ifn-γ | CACGGCACAGTCATTGAAAG | GTCACCATCCTTTTGCCAGT |
Il-22 | CCGAGGAGTCAGTGCTAAGG | CATGTAGGGCTGGAACCTGT |
Il-23 | GACCCACAAGGACTCAAGGA | CATGGGGCTATCAGGGAGTA |
Il-1β | CAGGCAGGCAGTATCACTCA | TGTCCTCATCCTGGAAGGTC |
Tnf-α | ACGGCATGGATCTCAAAGAC | AGATAGCAAATCGGCTGACG |
Mpo | CACTGGACACTGCAACAACA | CCATTGCGATTGACTCCAGG |
Nlrp3 | ATGCTGCTTCGACATCTCCT | GTTTCTGGAGGTTGCAGAGC |
Ccl2 | TGAATGTGAAGTTGACCCGT | ACAGAAGTGCTTGAGGTGGT |
Leptin | TTCCTGTGGCTTTGGTCCTA | CGACTGCGTGTGTGAAATGT |
Adipoq | TACTGCAACATTCCGGGACT | GTAGGTGAAGAGAACGGCCT |
Gapdh | AACTTTGGCATTGTGGAAGG | GGATGCAGGGATGATGTTCT |
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Son, S.-E.; Im, D.-S. Activation of G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor 1 (GPER) Attenuates Obesity-Induced Asthma by Switching M1 Macrophages to M2 Macrophages. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9532. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179532
Son S-E, Im D-S. Activation of G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor 1 (GPER) Attenuates Obesity-Induced Asthma by Switching M1 Macrophages to M2 Macrophages. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(17):9532. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179532
Chicago/Turabian StyleSon, So-Eun, and Dong-Soon Im. 2024. "Activation of G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor 1 (GPER) Attenuates Obesity-Induced Asthma by Switching M1 Macrophages to M2 Macrophages" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 17: 9532. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179532