Role of CD44-Positive Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Highly Metastatic Mouse Mammary Carcinoma Cells in Pre-Metastatic Niche Formation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Determination of the Intratumor Microenvironment Suitable for Extracellular Vesicle Secretion and Formation of a Pre-Metastatic Niche
2.2. EVs Purified under Normoxic Conditions Were Advantageous for Pre-Metastatic Niche Formation
2.3. EVs Secreted by Luc2 Cells Meet the Exosome Requirements
2.4. Role of CD44 on Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Luc2 Cells
2.4.1. CD44 on the Luc2-EV Forms Aggregates among Luc2-EVs by Homophilic Protein Interaction (CD44-CD44)
2.4.2. Hyaluronan (Ligand for CD44) Contributes to Forming Small Clusters of Luc2-EVs
2.5. Were Luc2-EVs Internalized by Cells of the Endothelial Niche Cells?
2.5.1. VEGFs Internalized by Luc2 Extracellular Vesicles May Act on UV2 Endothelial Cell Metabolism
2.5.2. Some Extracellular Vesicles Are Readily Internalized by CD44-Positive UV2 Endothelial Cells, Hyaluronan-Coated or Non-Coated EVs
3. Discussion
3.1. Luc2-EVs Collected Met the Criteria for Extracellular Vesicles Defined in the Minimal Information for the Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (MISEV) Guidelines
3.2. Extracellular Vesicles, Normally Secreted under Oxygenated Conditions, Facilitated Pre-Metastatic Niche Formation
3.3. Luc2 Extracellular Vesicles Were Observed to Form CD44-Mediated Clumps, and Hyaluronan Was Found to Promote Clump Growth
3.4. Hyaluronan Receptors (CD44, HARE, and LYVE-1) on Vascular Endothelial Cells Facilitate the Take-Up of EVs
3.5. UV2 Endothelial Cells Take Up Normoxic EVs and Proliferate
3.6. Extracellular Vesicles Expressing CD44 May Serve as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Breast Cancer
3.7. Limitations
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Cell Culture and Cell Preparation
4.2. Extracellular Vesicle Isolation
4.3. Nano Tracking Analysis (NTA)
4.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
4.5. Western Blotting Analysis
4.6. Single and Double-Labeling Immunofluorescent Study
4.7. Analyzing CD44’s Ability to Bind with HA and Homophilic Interactions (CD44-CD44) on Luc2-EVs and UV2 Endothelial Cells
4.8. Detecting the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors and HA Receptor and Their Receptor-Expression Profile of UV2 Cells
4.9. Uptake of EVs by UV2 Cells
4.10. Effect of EVs Uptake on UV2 Cells
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ikari, A.; Ito, Y.; Taniguchi, K.; Shibata, M.-A.; Kimura, K.; Iwamoto, M.; Lee, S.-W. Role of CD44-Positive Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Highly Metastatic Mouse Mammary Carcinoma Cells in Pre-Metastatic Niche Formation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9742. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179742
Ikari A, Ito Y, Taniguchi K, Shibata M-A, Kimura K, Iwamoto M, Lee S-W. Role of CD44-Positive Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Highly Metastatic Mouse Mammary Carcinoma Cells in Pre-Metastatic Niche Formation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(17):9742. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179742
Chicago/Turabian StyleIkari, Ayana, Yuko Ito, Kohei Taniguchi, Masa-Aki Shibata, Kosei Kimura, Mitsuhiko Iwamoto, and Sang-Woong Lee. 2024. "Role of CD44-Positive Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Highly Metastatic Mouse Mammary Carcinoma Cells in Pre-Metastatic Niche Formation" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 17: 9742. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179742