WISP1 and Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in Respiratory Inflammation: Novel Insights and Therapeutic Potentials for Asthma and COPD
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
2.1. WISP1
2.1.1. WISP1 Structure, Expression, and Regulation
2.1.2. Roles of WISP1 in Signaling Pathways and Cellular Processes
2.2. MIF
2.2.1. Roles of MIF in Signaling Pathways and Cellular Processes
2.2.2. Involvement of MIF in Immune Responses and Inflammation
3. Molecular Mechanisms Involving WISP/MIF in Asthma and COPD
3.1. WISP1 in Asthma
3.2. MIF in Asthma
3.3. WISP1 in COPD
3.4. MIF in COPD
4. WISP–MIF Axis: A Novel Regulatory Pathway in Immunity and Inflammation?
5. Clinical Implications and Future Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Disease | Roles of WISP1 | References |
---|---|---|
Asthma | Induces airway remodeling, promotes pro-inflammatory factors, facilitates fibroblast migration, and causes hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle cells | [76,132] |
Pulmonary Fibrosis | Promotes fibroblast activation and myofibroblast differentiation, leading to excessive fibrosis | [61,104,106] |
Lung Cancer | Enhances cell proliferation and survival and influences the tumor microenvironment | [145,146,147] |
COPD | Contributes to inflammation and airway remodeling | [148,149,150] |
Acute Lung Injury/ARDS | Exacerbates inflammatory responses and abnormal tissue repair | [85,113] |
Action | WISP1 | MIF | Common Actions | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Role in Airway Remodeling | Asthma | Promotes ASM hypertrophy and proliferation via the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway, leading to collagen deposition and ECM remodeling. Stimulates fibroblast proliferation and ECM component production (e.g., Col1alpha1, FN1). | Promotes ASM proliferation and eosinophil migration via ERK1/2/Drp1 axis, leading to ECM deposition and airway remodeling. Enhances TGF-β1 accumulation and collagen deposition. | Both WISP1 and MIF enhance airway remodeling by promoting ASM proliferation and ECM deposition through distinct pathways: PI3K/Akt (WISP1) and ERK1/2 (MIF). | [76,216,225,231,234,235] |
COPD | Promotes ASM hypertrophy and ECM remodeling, exacerbated by oxidative stress and impaired epithelial repair, leading to chronic inflammation. | Promotes ASM proliferation and ECM deposition, exacerbated by oxidative stress and cigarette smoke exposure, contributing to chronic inflammation. | [45,254,255,257] | ||
Interaction with TGF-β Signaling | Asthma | Upregulated by TGF-β through the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway, enhancing remodeling processes. Promotes sustained expression and remodeling effects through non-canonical TGF-β signaling. | Promotes TGF-β signaling by enhancing autophagy and collagen deposition via ERK1/2. MIF inhibition reduces TGF-β1 accumulation. | Both WISP1 and MIF modulate TGF-β signaling pathways, enhancing airway remodeling. WISP1 acts through PI3K/Akt, while MIF acts through ERK1/2. | [76,225] |
COPD | Upregulated by TGF-β through the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway, contributing to sustained remodeling and inflammation. | Enhances TGF-β signaling, leading to increased collagen deposition and inflammation. MIF inhibition reduces TGF-β1 levels. | |||
Impact on Inflammation | Asthma | Increased by TNF-α through WNT/β-catenin signaling, linking to chronic inflammation and remodeling in asthma. | Enhances inflammation by promoting ASMC proliferation and eosinophil migration via ERK1/2 and NF-κB pathways. Contributes to glucocorticoid resistance. Involved in Th2-related inflammation, promoting eosinophil migration. Also linked to glucocorticoid resistance in severe neutrophilic asthma by reducing annexin-A1 activity and promoting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. | Both WISP1 and MIF are involved in pro-inflammatory signaling, contributing to chronic inflammation. | [42,165,204,213,215,216,225,231,232,233] |
COPD | Increased by TNF-α and exacerbated by oxidative stress, contributing to chronic inflammation and impaired repair. | Increases inflammation by promoting ASMC proliferation and neutrophil accumulation. Contributes to glucocorticoid resistance and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. | |||
Effect on Glucocorticoid Resistance | Asthma | Not directly associated with glucocorticoid resistance; may indirectly influence steroid responsiveness through its effects on inflammation and remodeling. | Promotes glucocorticoid resistance in severe neutrophilic asthma by inhibiting annexin-A1, enhancing NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and reducing the effectiveness of glucocorticoids. | While WISP1 does not directly induce glucocorticoid resistance, MIF’s role suggests that targeting both could improve glucocorticoid responsiveness by reducing inflammation and remodeling. | [208,211,223,224,225,226] |
COPD | May indirectly influence glucocorticoid resistance through its effects on remodeling and inflammation. | Induces glucocorticoid resistance by inhibiting annexin-A1, increasing neutrophil accumulation and inflammation. | |||
Response to Environmental Factors | Asthma | Modulated by cigarette smoke and oxidative stress, impacting WNT signaling and epithelial repair. | Elevated by cigarette smoke exposure, contributing to inflammation and disease progression. | Both WISP1 and MIF respond to environmental factors such as cigarette smoke, exacerbating inflammation and remodeling. | [25,230,231,232,234,235,242,243,244,245] |
COPD | Modulated by environmental factors such as oxidative stress and cigarette smoke, affecting inflammation and repair. | Elevated in response to cigarette smoke, influencing inflammation and disease severity in COPD. |
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Christopoulou, M.-E.; Aletras, A.J.; Papakonstantinou, E.; Stolz, D.; Skandalis, S.S. WISP1 and Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in Respiratory Inflammation: Novel Insights and Therapeutic Potentials for Asthma and COPD. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 10049. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251810049
Christopoulou M-E, Aletras AJ, Papakonstantinou E, Stolz D, Skandalis SS. WISP1 and Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in Respiratory Inflammation: Novel Insights and Therapeutic Potentials for Asthma and COPD. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(18):10049. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251810049
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristopoulou, Maria-Elpida, Alexios J. Aletras, Eleni Papakonstantinou, Daiana Stolz, and Spyros S. Skandalis. 2024. "WISP1 and Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in Respiratory Inflammation: Novel Insights and Therapeutic Potentials for Asthma and COPD" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 18: 10049. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251810049