Adipokines in Neuroendocrine Tumors: An Evaluation of the Serum Levels of Ghrelin and Leptin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. The Study and Control Cohorts
2.2. Ghrelin
2.3. Leptin
2.4. Other Demographic, Clinical and Biochemical Parameters in the Study Group
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. The Study Group and the Controls
4.2. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
4.3. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n (% of Patients) | |||
---|---|---|---|
BP-NET cases 9 (17.31%) | Location of the primary tumor | Lung | 9 (17.31%) |
Histological grade | Typical carcinoid (TC) | 6 (11.54%) | |
Atypical (ATC) | 3 (5.77%) | ||
GEP-NET cases 43 (82.69%) | Location of the primary tumor | Pancreas | 20 (38.46%) |
Small intestine (SINETs) | 6 (11.54%) | ||
Stomach | 5 (9.62%) | ||
Large intestine | 3 (5.77%) | ||
Appendix | 3 (5.77%) | ||
Rectum | 2 (3.85%) | ||
Unknown | 4 (7.69%) | ||
Histological grade | NET G1 | 34 (65.38%) | |
NET G2 | 4 (7.69%) | ||
NET G3 | 5 (9.63%) | ||
T | T1 | 26 (50.0%) | |
T2 | 16 (30.77%) | ||
T3 | 6 (11.54%) | ||
T4 | 2 (3.85%) | ||
Undetermined | 2 (3.85%) | ||
N | N0 | 37 (71.15%) | |
N1 | 15 (28.85%) | ||
M | M0 | 23 (44.23%) | |
M1 | 29 (55.77%) | ||
Ki-67 | <20% | 44 (84.62%) (6 BP-NET ATC + 38 GEP-NET) | |
≥20% and <55% | 8 (15.38%) (3 BP-NET ATC + 5 GEP-NET) | ||
Metastasis | Total | 27 (51.92%) | |
Liver metastases | 22 (42.31%) | ||
Lymph node metastases | 12 (23.08%) | ||
Bone metastases | 3 (5.77%) | ||
Other metastases | 6 (11.54%) |
Parameter | Study Group | Control Group | |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | p | |
Sex [F: female, M: male] | F: 33 (63.46%) M: 19 (36.54%) | F: 31 (46.27%) M: 36 (53.73%) | 0.067 |
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | p | |
Age [years] | 55.33 ± 11.11 | 54.99 ± 3.59 | 0.087 |
BMI [kg/m2] | 24.99 ± 3.66 | 24.02 ± 2.69 | 0.073 |
Leptin [ng/mL] | 11.15 ± 9.6 | 12.94 ± 20.30 | 0.439 |
Ghrelin [pg/mL] | 142.31 ± 26.00 | 121.49 ± 35.45 | 0.016 |
Chromogranin A [µg/L] | 95.55 ± 214.45 | - | - |
Serotonin [ng/mL] | 257.13 ± 245.64 | - | - |
5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) [mg/24 h] | 13.51 ± 22.10 | - | - |
Glucose [mg/dL] | 92.39 ± 18.74 | 84.94 ± 7.89 | 0.019 |
Total cholesterol [mmol/L] | 4.97 ± 1.08 | 5.09 ± 0.65 | 0.889 |
Triglycerides [mmol/L] | 1.40 ± 0.65 | 1.49 ± 0.29 | 0.006 |
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Strzelczyk, J.; Bocian-Jastrzębska, A.; Strzelczyk, J.K.; Wójcik-Giertuga, M.; Biernacki, K.; Kajdaniuk, D.; Kos-Kudła, B. Adipokines in Neuroendocrine Tumors: An Evaluation of the Serum Levels of Ghrelin and Leptin. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9820. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25189820
Strzelczyk J, Bocian-Jastrzębska A, Strzelczyk JK, Wójcik-Giertuga M, Biernacki K, Kajdaniuk D, Kos-Kudła B. Adipokines in Neuroendocrine Tumors: An Evaluation of the Serum Levels of Ghrelin and Leptin. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(18):9820. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25189820
Chicago/Turabian StyleStrzelczyk, Janusz, Agnes Bocian-Jastrzębska, Joanna Katarzyna Strzelczyk, Monika Wójcik-Giertuga, Krzysztof Biernacki, Dariusz Kajdaniuk, and Beata Kos-Kudła. 2024. "Adipokines in Neuroendocrine Tumors: An Evaluation of the Serum Levels of Ghrelin and Leptin" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 18: 9820. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25189820