The Link between Salivary Amylase Activity, Overweight, and Glucose Homeostasis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Absence of a Positive Correlation in the Plot
2.2. Model Diagnostics
3. Discussion
3.1. Butyrate and Adipocyte Health
3.2. Enhancement of GIP Receptor Expression
3.3. Enhancement of PYY Secretion
3.4. Enhancement of GLP-1 Secretion
- Enhanced Insulin Sensitivity: GLP-1 receptors are present in adipose tissue. Activation of these receptors increases insulin sensitivity in adipocytes, improving glucose uptake and reducing blood glucose levels [23].
- Promotion of Adiponectin Release: GLP-1 can stimulate adiponectin secretion from adipocytes, enhancing insulin sensitivity and reducing inflammation [29].
- Indirect Effects on Body Weight: GLP-1 receptors, found in the pancreas, intestines, hypothalamus, and brainstem, are critical for regulating satiety and food intake. Activation of these receptors promotes feelings of fullness and reduces food consumption, contributing to weight loss [31].
3.5. Salivary Amylase Activity and Microbiome Composition
3.6. Influence of Hormonal Profile on Butyrate Production and Metabolic Outcomes
3.7. Dietary Strategies to Increase Butyrate
3.8. Salivary Amylase Activity as a Predictor of Insulin Sensitivity
3.9. Future Research Directions
- Salivary Amylase and Genetic Variability: Investigate the genetic factors influencing salivary amylase levels and their impact on glucose metabolism and obesity. Understanding individual genetic variability could lead to personalized dietary recommendations based on amylase activity.
- Longitudinal Studies on Glucose Homeostasis: Conduct long-term studies to assess how variations in salivary amylase activity affect glucose homeostasis over time. These studies should explore how early-life amylase activity levels may predict the development of metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes.
- Interventions Targeting Amylase Activity: Explore potential interventions that can modulate salivary amylase activity, such as dietary changes, medications, or lifestyle modifications. Understanding how these interventions affect glucose regulation and body weight could lead to new strategies for preventing and managing obesity and related metabolic conditions.
- Interactions with the Microbiome: Investigate the relationship between salivary amylase activity, the oral and gut microbiomes, and glucose metabolism. This research could reveal how microbial composition and function are influenced by amylase activity, potentially leading to microbiome-targeted therapies for metabolic health.
- Clinical Trials: Design and implement large-scale clinical trials to evaluate the effectiveness of amylase-based biomarkers in predicting metabolic risk and the impact of targeted interventions on glucose homeostasis and obesity. These trials should include diverse populations to ensure the broad applicability of findings.
3.10. Study Strengths and Limitations
- Innovative Focus: This study’s exploration of the link between salivary amylase activity and metabolic health is relatively novel, particularly its emphasis on dietary impacts tailored to salivary enzyme activity. This innovative focus adds valuable knowledge to the field of personalized nutrition and metabolic health.
- Comprehensive Insights: The detailed discussion on butyrate’s multiple mechanisms of action in maintaining adipocyte health and improving glucose homeostasis is a strength. It provides a thorough understanding of how butyrate influences metabolic processes, enhancing its therapeutic potential.
- Potential for Personalized Nutrition: By investigating the relationship between salivary amylase activity and gut microbiota composition, the study creates opportunities for the development of personalized dietary strategies. This aspect is crucial for developing more targeted interventions for metabolic disorders.
- Population Specificity: While the focus on women of reproductive age is valuable, it limits the generalizability of the findings. The study’s results may not fully apply to males or individuals outside this age group, requiring careful consideration when generalizing these conclusions to broader populations.
- Cross-sectional Design: The study’s cross-sectional nature limits the ability to infer causality. Longitudinal studies would be necessary to establish a clearer cause-and-effect relationship between salivary amylase activity, dietary patterns, and metabolic outcomes.
- Genetic Variability Considerations: While the study acknowledges the role of genetic variability in salivary amylase activity, it does not deeply explore the genetic factors that could influence these metabolic outcomes. Future research should explore the genetic influences on salivary amylase activity to enhance the personalization of dietary recommendations.
- Microbiome Analysis Limitations: Although the study discusses the impact of salivary amylase on gut microbiota, it lacks direct microbiome analysis. Future studies incorporating detailed microbiome profiling would strengthen the findings and provide more robust insights into the relationship between salivary amylase, diet, and metabolic health.
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Design and Participants
4.2. Dietary Interventions
4.3. Evaluation of Salivary Amylase Activity
4.4. Measurement of Butyrate Levels
4.5. Measurement of Insulin Sensitivity
4.6. Statistical Analysis
4.7. Ethics Statement
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Group Allocation | Mean Age (Years) ± SD | Salivary Amylase (U/mL) Median (IQR) |
---|---|---|
Caloric Restriction (Low Salivary Amylase) (n = 15) | 28.1 ± 3.9 | 15.3 ± 14.9 |
Low-Starch Diet (High Salivary Amylase) (n = 15) | 29.4 ± 3.2 | 77.1 ± 50.5 |
Low-Starch Diet (Low Salivary Amylase) (n = 15) | 28.5 ± 3.5 | 15.6 ± 19.7 |
Caloric Restriction (High Salivary Amylase) (n = 15) | 30.1 ± 4.3 | 89.2 ± 47.4 |
Control Group (Normal Weight) (n = 7) | 29.1 ± 3.2 | 31.7 ± 23.4 |
Variable | Value |
---|---|
Salivary Amylase (U/mL) | Median (IQR): 27.77 (10.64–56.24) |
Butyrate (µmol/L) | Median (IQR): 1.823 (0.373–6.985) |
Group | Median Butyrate Level (ng/mL) and 95% CI for Median Values | IQR (ng/mL) |
---|---|---|
Low-Starch Diet (Low Salivary Amylase) (n = 15) | 5.140 | 0.7070–12.25 |
Caloric Restriction (Low Salivary Amylase) (n = 15) | 3.90 | 0.246–7.225 |
Caloric Restriction (High Salivary Amylase) (n = 15) | 0.47 | 0.29–3.955 |
Low-Starch Diet (High Salivary Amylase) (n = 15) | 1.8 | 1.13–5.29 |
Control Group (Normal Weight) (n = 7) | 3.47 (95% CI: 0.14–7.15) | - |
Correlation | ρ | p-value |
Salivary Amylase Activity and Butyrate | 0.0486 | p < 0.05 |
Comparative Tests | Mann–Whitney U | p-value |
High vs Low Salivary Amylase Activity | 44 | p < 0.05 |
Low-Starch Diet vs Caloric Restriction (Low Salivary Amylase) | 59.50 | p < 0.05 |
Group | Mean Age (Years) ± SD | Lower IQR Butyrate Level (ng/mL) | Higher IQR Butyrate Level (ng/mL) |
---|---|---|---|
Low-Starch Diet (Low Salivary Amylase) | 28.8 ± 2.57 | 0.7070 | 12.25 |
Caloric Restriction (Low Salivary Amylase) | 28.43 ± 3.59 | 0.246 | 7.225 |
Caloric Restriction (High Salivary Amylase) | 30.2 ± 4.47 | 0.29 | 3.955 |
Low-Starch Diet (High Salivary Amylase) | 29.33 ± 3.67 | 1.13 | 5.29 |
Control Group (Normal Weight) | 28.57 ± 2.57 | 0.951 | 5.67 |
Predictor | β | SE | p-Value (β) | 95% CI | R2 | F (DF) | p-Value (Model) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Salivary Amylase Activity | 0.435 | 0.12 | <0.0003 | [0.195, 0.675] | 0.35 | F (1, 34) = 5.5 | 0.0249 |
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Erta, G.; Gersone, G.; Jurka, A.; Tretjakovs, P. The Link between Salivary Amylase Activity, Overweight, and Glucose Homeostasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9956. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25189956
Erta G, Gersone G, Jurka A, Tretjakovs P. The Link between Salivary Amylase Activity, Overweight, and Glucose Homeostasis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(18):9956. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25189956
Chicago/Turabian StyleErta, Gita, Gita Gersone, Antra Jurka, and Pēteris Tretjakovs. 2024. "The Link between Salivary Amylase Activity, Overweight, and Glucose Homeostasis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 18: 9956. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25189956