Lepidium peruvianum as a Source of Compounds with Anticancer and Cosmetic Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Fingerprinting of L. peruvianum Extracts by HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS
Principal Component Analysis—The Composition of the 12 Extracts
2.2. The Bioactivity Determination of the Tested Extracts
2.2.1. Comparative Analysis of the Antioxidant Activity of Maca Extracts
2.2.2. Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity of Maca Extracts
2.2.3. The Analysis of the Tyrosinase Inhibition and Antioxidant Activity Assays by the Chemometric Approach
2.2.4. Anticancer Activity of Extracts towards Skin Cancer Lines
2.2.5. Chemometric Analysis of the Results Obtained from the Studies in Cells
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. The Reagents
3.2. The Extraction and Chromatographic Fingerprinting of L. peruvianum Extracts
3.3. Cell Lines
3.4. Cell Viability Assay
3.5. Tyrosinase Inhibition by the Tested Extracts
3.6. Antiradical Activity Determination of the Extracts
3.6.1. DPPH Scavenging Assay
3.6.2. Detection of Intracellular ROS Levels—H2DCFDA Assay
3.7. Statistical Analysis of Data
3.7.1. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
3.7.2. Regression Analysis (RA)
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
mush_monophe | Mushroom tyrosinase + L-tyrosine (monophenolase activity) |
mush_diphe | Mushroom tyrosinase + L-DOPA (diphenolase activity) |
mur_diphe | Murine tyrosinase + L-DOPA (diphenolase activity) |
antiox | Antioxidant activity |
HaCaT | Activity towards HaCaT cell lines |
G361 | Activity towards G361 cell lines |
SH4 | Activity towards SH4 cell lines |
B-MetOH | Black maca methanol extract |
B-CHL | Black maca chloroform extract |
G-MetOH | Grey maca methanol extract |
B-H2O | Black maca water extract |
G-H2O | Grey maca water extract |
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No. | Ion (+/−) | Rt (min) | Molecular Formula | m/z Calculated | m/z Experimental | Delta (mmu) | DBE | MS/MS Fragments | Proposed Compound |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | [M-H]− | 9.3 | C14H19NO9S2 | 408.0471 | 408.0452 | −10.15 | 6 | 408.0346; 274.9853; 240.9993; 211.9993; 195.0387; 166.0321 | Glucotropaeolin |
2 | [M-H]− | 12.1 | C15H21NO10S2 | 438.0534 | 438.0550 | −3.62 | 6 | 274.9855; 259.0156; 243.0192; 195.0305; 145.0588; | Glucolimnanthin |
3 | [M-H]− | 13.0 | C17H22N2O19S2 | 477.0643 | 477.0658 | −3.12 | 8 | - | 4-Methoxyglucobrassicin |
4 | [M-H]− | 15.8 | C22H36O10N2S5 | 551.1733 | 551.1781 | 0.16 | 5.5 | 389.1287; 370.1942; 341.0926; 317.0991; 309.4013; 283.0377; 261.9778; 235.8406; 216.3231; 193.0498; 134.0416; | 4-Methoxyindolyl-3-hexylhydroxy-glucosinolate |
5 | [M-H]− | 16.5 | C15H29O10NS2 | 446.1154 | 446.1178 | −4.0 | 2 | - | Indolil-5-methylglucosinolate |
6 | [M-H]− | 17.17 | C12H24O7N2S3 | 371.0946 | 371.0987 | −0.09 | 11.5 | 249.0673; 231.0436; 193.0621; 175.0191 | Pent-4-enylglucosinolate (Glucobrassicanapin) |
7 | [M-H]− | 17.6 | C17H21O10NS2 | 450.0528 | 450.0548 | −0.04 | 8.5 | 437.5571; 417.1699; 386.6801 356.1078; 259.9393 | Glucoalyssin |
8 | [M-H]− | 26.9 | C25H20O8 | 447.1085 | 447.1082 | 0.76 | 16 | - | A derivative of ferulic acid |
9 | [M-H]− | 5.47 | C14H19NO10S2 | 424.0378 | 424.0392 | −3.39 | 6 | 408.5279; 335.1320; 274.9969; 285.5466; 228.0066; 195.3503 | Hydroxybenzyl-glucosinolate |
10 | [M-H]− | 10.5 | C15H21NO10S2 | 438.0534 | 438.00553 | −4.3 | 6 | 421.1190; 336.0780; 274.9955; 259.0090; | Methoxybenzylglucosinolate |
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Kasprzak, D.; Gaweł-Bęben, K.; Kukula-Koch, W.; Strzępek-Gomółka, M.; Wawruszak, A.; Woźniak, S.; Chrzanowska, M.; Czech, K.; Borzyszkowska-Bukowska, J.; Głowniak, K.; et al. Lepidium peruvianum as a Source of Compounds with Anticancer and Cosmetic Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 10816. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910816
Kasprzak D, Gaweł-Bęben K, Kukula-Koch W, Strzępek-Gomółka M, Wawruszak A, Woźniak S, Chrzanowska M, Czech K, Borzyszkowska-Bukowska J, Głowniak K, et al. Lepidium peruvianum as a Source of Compounds with Anticancer and Cosmetic Applications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(19):10816. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910816
Chicago/Turabian StyleKasprzak, Dorota, Katarzyna Gaweł-Bęben, Wirginia Kukula-Koch, Marcelina Strzępek-Gomółka, Anna Wawruszak, Sylwia Woźniak, Marcelina Chrzanowska, Karolina Czech, Julia Borzyszkowska-Bukowska, Kazimierz Głowniak, and et al. 2024. "Lepidium peruvianum as a Source of Compounds with Anticancer and Cosmetic Applications" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 19: 10816. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910816