Multiple Physiological and Biochemical Functions of Ascorbic Acid in Plant Growth, Development, and Abiotic Stress Response
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. As a Cofactor, AsA Maintains the Active Center of the 2-Oxoglutarate/Fe (II)-Dependent Dioxygenases
2.1. AsA Is Necessary for Flavonoid Synthesis
2.2. AsA Participate in Hydroxylation on O-Glycoproteins and Response to Hypoxia
2.3. AsA Highly Related to Plant Hormones Anabolic and Catabolic Metabolism
2.4. AsA Is Beneficial to DNA Damage Repair
3. As an Antioxidant or Pro-Oxidant, AsA Responds to Oxidative Stress through Electron Recycling
3.1. AsA Act as an Electron Donor for Photosynthetic Systems
3.2. AsA Enhances Heavy Metals Tolerance in Plant Cells
3.3. AsA Relieves Oxygen Pressure Induced by Environment Changes in Plant Cells
3.4. AsA Has Pro-Oxidative Activity under Iron or Copper Overload
4. As a Substance or Precursor, AsA Participates in Metabolism Directly
4.1. AsA Directly Participate in Demethylation Modification as an Important Substrate
4.2. AsA Is a Precursor of Organic Acid Biosynthesis
4.3. AsA Is Related to Cell Wall Metabolism and Fruit Softening
5. Other Metabolic Pathways Affected by AsA
6. Conclusions and Future Prospect
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Function | Biochemical Pathway | Enzyme | Substrate | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hydroxylation and desaturation | Flavonoid synthesis | F3H | (2S)-flavonones | [18] |
FNS I | (2S)-flavonones | |||
FLS | Dihydroflavonols | |||
ANS/LDOX | anthocyanins | |||
Hydroxylation | O-glycosylation modifications HIF-hydroxylation | P4H | proline-rich glycoproteins | [11] |
Hydroxylation and decarboxylation | GA anabolism and catabolism | GA3ox | GA9 and GA20 | [19] |
GA20ox | GA12 and GA53 | |||
GA2ox | GA19, GA44 and GA53 | |||
Desaturation | IAA catabolism | DAO | IAA | [19] |
Hydroxylation | SA catabolism | S3H | SA | [19] |
Desaturation | Ethylene biosynthesis | ACCO | 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid | [19] |
Demethylation | DNA repair | Alkbh2 | 1-methyladenine | [20] |
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Wu, P.; Li, B.; Liu, Y.; Bian, Z.; Xiong, J.; Wang, Y.; Zhu, B. Multiple Physiological and Biochemical Functions of Ascorbic Acid in Plant Growth, Development, and Abiotic Stress Response. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 1832. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031832
Wu P, Li B, Liu Y, Bian Z, Xiong J, Wang Y, Zhu B. Multiple Physiological and Biochemical Functions of Ascorbic Acid in Plant Growth, Development, and Abiotic Stress Response. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(3):1832. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031832
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Peiwen, Bowen Li, Ye Liu, Zheng Bian, Jiaxin Xiong, Yunxiang Wang, and Benzhong Zhu. 2024. "Multiple Physiological and Biochemical Functions of Ascorbic Acid in Plant Growth, Development, and Abiotic Stress Response" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 3: 1832. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031832